Fortran 中的函数与子程序

Fortran 中的函数与子程序

简介

• Fortran 是不区分大小写的
• 函数（Function）：
  • 函数是一段具有输入和输出的代码块，它接受一些输入参数，经过一系列计算后返回一个结果。
    • 在Fortran中，函数的定义以关键字"FUNCTION"开始，以"end function"结束
    • Fortran 90中的函数必须在程序的`contains`块中定义，以便在主程序中调用
• 子程序（Subroutine）：
  • 子程序是一段独立的代码块，它可以被其他代码调用并执行。与函数不同的是，子程序可以不返回任何结果，或者通过参数列表传递结果。在Fortran中，子程序的定义以关键字"SUBROUTINE"开始，后面跟着子程序名和参数列表。子程序体内部可以包含一系列的计算语句，执行完后通过关键字"END SUBROUTINE"结束。

函数实例

exam1：不使用return语句

• 需要定义返回值

program function_example
    implicit none

    real :: length, width, area
  
    write(*,*) "input length:"
    read(*,*) length
  
    write(*,*) "input width:"
    read(*,*) width

    area = calculate_area(length, width)

    write(*,*) "the area of triangle", area
    read(*,*)

contains

    function calculate_area(length,width) result(area)
        real, intent(in) :: length, width
        real :: area
        area = length * width
    end function calculate_area
  
end program function_example

exam2：使用return语句

• 直接定义函数（函数返回值）类型

program return_example
    implicit none
    real :: num1, num2, average

    write(*, *) "input two number:"
    read(*, *) num1, num2
  
    average = calculate_average(num1, num2)
  
    write(*,*) "the average of the two numbers:", average
    read(*,*)
    
contains
    real function calculate_average(a, b)
        real, intent(in) :: a, b
        calculate_average = (a + b) / 2.0  
        return  
    end function calculate_average
end program return_example

子程序实例

exam1：Simple Subroutine

program main
    implicit none
    
    call print_message()
    read(*,*)
end program main

subroutine print_message()
    print *, "Hello, World!"
end subroutine print_message

exam2:Subroutine with Arguments

program main
    implicit none
    real :: num1, num2, sum
  
    num1 = 2.5
    num2 = 3.7
    call calculate_sum(num1, num2, sum)
    print *, "The sum is:", sum
    read(*,*)
end program main

subroutine calculate_sum(a, b, result)
    real :: a, b, result
    result = a + b
end subroutine calculate_sum

• 子程序不是函数，可以理解为按照约定处理一个变量  

exam3:Subroutine with Intent

program main
    implicit none

    real :: numbers(5) = [1,2,3,4,5]
    integer :: i

    call square_array(numbers,5)
  
    do i = 1, 5
        print *, numbers(i)
    end do
    read(*,*)

end program main


subroutine square_array(arr, size)
    integer, intent(in) :: size
    real, intent(inout) :: arr(size)
    
    integer :: i
    
    do i = 1, size
        arr(i) = arr(i) ** 2
    end do
end subroutine square_array

• 或者
  • 我们添加了一个size函数

program main
    implicit none

    real :: numbers(5) = [1,2,3,4,5]
    integer :: i
    integer :: j

    j = size(numbers)
    call square_array(numbers,j)
  
    do i = 1, j
        print *, numbers(i)
    end do
    read(*,*)

end program main


subroutine square_array(arr, size)
    integer, intent(in) :: size
    real, intent(inout) :: arr(size)
    
    integer :: i
    
    do i = 1, size
        arr(i) = arr(i) ** 2
    end do
end subroutine square_array

函数与子程序的发展史

• In Fortran, subroutines and functions are used to encapsulate a specific set of instructions that can be called and executed from different parts of a program.
• Subroutines are defined using the SUBROUTINE keyword followed by a name, and they do not return any values.
  • They are typically used for performing a series of calculations or operations without returning a result. Subroutines can have input parameters, which are variables passed to the subroutine for use within its code. 
• Functions, on the other hand, are defined using the FUNCTION keyword followed by a name. Functions are used to perform calculations and return a single value as the result.
  • They can have input parameters, similar to subroutines, which are used in the calculation. 
• Both subroutines and functions can be called from other parts of the program using their respective names.
  • When calling a subroutine, the program flow jumps to the subroutine code, executes it, and then returns to the calling point.
  • When calling a function, the result of the calculation is returned and can be assigned to a variable or used directly in an expression.
• 在C语言中，存在函数
• 在Java中，称为方法（method）
• 在Python中，也有函数（function）
• 通过区分function和subroutine，Fortran可以更好地满足不同的编程需求。这样的设计可以提高代码的可读性和可维护性，使得程序的逻辑更加清晰明确。
  • Function适用于需要返回结果的计算任务
  • Subroutine适用于需要执行一系列操作或修改参数值的任务。