行列式:
对于行列式的定义,我们引入逆序数
1.逆序数
我们称由1,2,3,……,n组成的有序数组称为一个n阶排列,(注意:n个数不能缺少,不能重复)例如:2134,23415 等;
逆序:一个大的数排在一个小的数前面,我们称为一个逆序
逆序数:一个排列如逆序综述称为逆序数,例如:
τ
\tau
τ代表就是一个逆序数
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\tau(3,5,6,1,4,2)=9
τ(3,5,6,1,4,2)=9
2.行列式:
行列式的值就是:取自不同行不同列的元素的乘积代数和
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\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots\\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{matrix} \right| =\sum_{j_1\cdots j_n}(-1)^{\tau(j_1\cdots j_n)}a_{1j_1}a_{2j_2}\cdots a_{nj_n}
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21⋯an1a12a22⋯an2⋯⋯⋯⋯a1na2n⋯ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=j1⋯jn∑(−1)τ(j1⋯jn)a1j1a2j2⋯anjn
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n.(n-1).(n-2)\cdots 1=n!
n.(n−1).(n−2)⋯1=n! 项
行列式的某一个值,替换为参数或者函数,行列式就为相应的参数或者表达式
3.行列式计算
对角线法则,这里不在介绍(百度一下就知道),例题:
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在函数f(x)=\left| \begin{matrix} x & 2x & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & x & 2 & 3\\ 2 & 3 & x & 2 \\ 1 & 1 & 2 & x \\ \end{matrix} \right|中求x^{4}与x^{3}的系数
在函数f(x)=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x1212xx3112x2032x∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣中求x4与x3的系数
我们利用不同行,不同列乘积和是行列式的值:
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x4=x×x×x×x 系数为1
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x3=2x×1×x×x 系数为2
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\left| \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & a_{1,n} \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & a_{2,n-1} &0 \\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots &\cdots\\ a_{n,1} & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \end{matrix}\right|= \left| \begin{matrix} a_{1,1} & \cdots & a_{1,n-1} & a_{1,n} \\ a_{21} & \cdots & a_{2,n-1} & 0 \\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots\\ a_{n,1} & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \end{matrix} \right|= \left| \begin{matrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 & a_{1n} \\ 0 & \cdots & a_{2,n-1} & a_{2,n} \\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots\\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{matrix} \right|
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣00⋯an,100⋯0⋯⋯⋯⋯0a2,n−1⋯0a1,n0⋯0∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a1,1a21⋯an,1⋯⋯⋯0a1,n−1a2,n−1⋯⋯a1,n0⋯0∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣00⋯an1⋯⋯⋯an20a2,n−1⋯⋯a1na2,n⋯ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
三个行列式的结果都一样为:
( − 1 ) n ( n − 1 ) / 2 a 1 n a 2 n ⋯ a n n (-1)^{n(n-1)/2}a_{1n}a_{2n}\cdots a_{nn} (−1)n(n−1)/2a1na2n⋯ann,这里我们用到的逆序数 τ \tau τ
τ ( n ( n − 1 ) ( n − 2 ) ⋯ 1 ) = n ( n − 1 ) ( n − 2 ) ⋯ 1 = n ( n + 1 ) / 2 \tau(n(n-1)(n-2)\cdots 1)=n(n-1)(n-2)\cdots 1={n(n+1)}/2 τ(n(n−1)(n−2)⋯1)=n(n−1)(n−2)⋯1=n(n+1)/2
4.行列式的性质
7个常用的性质,总结如下:
性质1: D = D T D = D^{T} D=DT
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\left| \begin{matrix} a&b\\c&d\end{matrix}\right|= \left| \begin{matrix} a&c\\b&d \end{matrix} \right|=ab-cd
∣∣∣∣acbd∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣abcd∣∣∣∣=ab−cd
性质2:行列式两行(两列元素呼唤,行列式的值变号)
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\left| \begin{matrix} 1&2\\3&4 \end{matrix} \right|={-2},\left| \begin{matrix} 3&4\\1&2 \end{matrix}\right|=2
∣∣∣∣1324∣∣∣∣=−2,∣∣∣∣3142∣∣∣∣=2
性质3: 行列式某行(列)元素全为零,行列式的值为零
性质4:行列式中某行(列)有公因子k,则可以将K提到行列式外面
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\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} & a_{12}&\cdots &a_{1n}\\ \cdots &\cdots&\cdots &\cdots\\ ka_{i1} & ka_{i2}&\cdots &ka_{in}\\\cdots &\cdots& &\cdots\\ a_{n1} & a_{n2}&\cdots &a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right|=k \left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} & a_{12}&\cdots &a_{1n}\\ \cdots &\cdots&\cdots &\cdots\\ a_{i1} & a_{i2}&\cdots &a_{in}\\\cdots &\cdots& &\cdots\\ a_{n1} & a_{n2}&\cdots &a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right|
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11⋯kai1⋯an1a12⋯kai2⋯an2⋯⋯⋯⋯a1n⋯kain⋯ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=k∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11⋯ai1⋯an1a12⋯ai2⋯an2⋯⋯⋯⋯a1n⋯ain⋯ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
性质5:行列式某行(列)元素均是两个元素之和,则可以拆分为两个行列式之和
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\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} & a_{12}&\cdots &a_{1n}\\ \cdots &\cdots&\cdots &\cdots\\ a_{i1}+b_{i1} & a_{i2}+b_{i2}&\cdots &a_{in}+b_{in}\\\cdots &\cdots& &\cdots\\ a_{n1} & a_{n2}&\cdots &a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right|= \left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} & a_{12}&\cdots &a_{1n}\\ \cdots &\cdots&\cdots &\cdots\\ a_{i1} & a_{i2}&\cdots &a_{in}\\\cdots &\cdots& &\cdots\\ a_{n1} & a_{n2}&\cdots &a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right|+\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} & a_{12}&\cdots &a_{1n}\\ \cdots &\cdots&\cdots &\cdots\\ b_{i1} & b_{i2}&\cdots &b_{in}\\\cdots &\cdots& &\cdots\\ a_{n1} & a_{n2}&\cdots &a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right|
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11⋯ai1+bi1⋯an1a12⋯ai2+bi2⋯an2⋯⋯⋯⋯a1n⋯ain+bin⋯ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11⋯ai1⋯an1a12⋯ai2⋯an2⋯⋯⋯⋯a1n⋯ain⋯ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11⋯bi1⋯an1a12⋯bi2⋯an2⋯⋯⋯⋯a1n⋯bin⋯ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
∣ a 11 + b 11 a 12 + b 12 a 21 + b 21 a 22 + b 22 ∣ ≠ ∣ a 11 a 12 a 21 a 22 ∣ + ∣ b 11 b 12 b 21 b 22 ∣ \left| \begin{matrix} a_{11}+b_{11}&a_{12}+b_{12}\\a_{21}+b_{21}&a_{22}+b_{22} \end{matrix} \right| \neq \left| \begin{matrix} a_{11}&a_{12}\\a_{21}&a_{22} \end{matrix} \right|+\left| \begin{matrix} b_{11}&b_{12}\\b_{21}&b_{22} \end{matrix} \right| ∣∣∣∣a11+b11a21+b21a12+b12a22+b22∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣a11a21a12a22∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣b11b21b12b22∣∣∣∣
性质6:行列式某k倍加到另外一行(列),行列式的值不变
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\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}\\a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33} \end{matrix} \right| = \left| \begin{matrix} a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{21}+ka_{11}&a_{22}+ka_{12}&a_{23}+ka_{13}\\a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33} \end{matrix} \right|
∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21+ka11a31a12a22+ka12a32a13a23+ka13a33∣∣∣∣∣∣
性质7:行列式两行(列)成比例,行列式为0
5.行列式展开
余子式:n阶行列式中, a i j a_{ij} aij元素所在的第 i i i行,第 j j j列划去得到的n-1阶行列式为 a i j a_{ij} aij的余子式,记作 M i j M_{ij} Mij
代数余子式: A i j = ( − 1 ) i + j M i j A_{ij}=(-1)^{i+j}M_{ij} Aij=(−1)i+jMij为 M i j M_{ij} Mij的代数余子式
行列式展开:行列式等于任意一行(列)的各元素之和与其对应的代数余子式之和。
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D=a_{i1}A_{i1}+a_{i2}A_{i2}+ \cdots +a_{in}A_{in},(i=1,2,3,{\cdots},n )
D=ai1Ai1+ai2Ai2+⋯+ainAin,(i=1,2,3,⋯,n)
重要推论: 行列式某一行(列)的元素与另外一行(列)对应代数余子式的乘积的和为零。
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a_{i1}A_{j1}+a_{i2}A_{j2}+ \cdots +a_{in}A_{jn}=0(i\neq j )
ai1Aj1+ai2Aj2+⋯+ainAjn=0(i=j)
拉普拉斯定理:行列式可以按照任何k行k列展开
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\left| \begin{matrix} 1&2&3&4\\5&6&7&8\\ -1&0&1&-3\\0&0&4&-1\\ \end{matrix} \right|
∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣15−102600371448−3−1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
我们可以展开为(按照第3行与第4行展开,对于列
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C_{4}^{2}=6
C42=6个组合):
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D = \left| \begin{matrix} -1&0\\0&0 \end{matrix} \right|.(-1)^{3+4+1+2}. \left| \begin{matrix} 3&4\\7&8 \end{matrix} \right|+ \left| \begin{matrix} -1&1\\0&4 \end{matrix} \right|.(-1)^{3+4+1+3}. \left| \begin{matrix} 2&4\\6&8 \end{matrix} \right|+ \left| \begin{matrix} -1&3\\0&1 \end{matrix} \right|.(-1)^{3+4+1+4}. \left| \begin{matrix} 2&3\\6&7 \end{matrix} \right|
D=∣∣∣∣−1000∣∣∣∣.(−1)3+4+1+2.∣∣∣∣3748∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣−1014∣∣∣∣.(−1)3+4+1+3.∣∣∣∣2648∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣−1031∣∣∣∣.(−1)3+4+1+4.∣∣∣∣2637∣∣∣∣
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+ \left| \begin{matrix} 0&1\\0&4 \end{matrix} \right|.(-1)^{3+4+2+3}. \left| \begin{matrix} 1&4\\5&8 \end{matrix} \right|+ \left| \begin{matrix} 0&3\\0&-1 \end{matrix} \right|.(-1)^{3+4+2+4}. \left| \begin{matrix} 1&3\\5&7 \end{matrix} \right|+ \left| \begin{matrix} 1&3\\4&-1 \end{matrix} \right|.(-1)^{3+4+3+4}. \left| \begin{matrix} 1&2\\5&6 \end{matrix} \right|
+∣∣∣∣0014∣∣∣∣.(−1)3+4+2+3.∣∣∣∣1548∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣003−1∣∣∣∣.(−1)3+4+2+4.∣∣∣∣1537∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣143−1∣∣∣∣.(−1)3+4+3+4.∣∣∣∣1526∣∣∣∣
*特殊的拉普拉斯行列式
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\left| \begin{matrix} A&*\\O&B \end{matrix} \right|= \left| \begin{matrix} A&O\\*&B \end{matrix} \right|= \left| \begin{matrix} A \end{matrix} \right| \left| \begin{matrix} B \end{matrix} \right|
∣∣∣∣AO∗B∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣A∗OB∣∣∣∣=∣∣A∣∣∣∣B∣∣
∣ O A B ∗ ∣ = ∣ ∗ A B O ∣ = ( − 1 ) m . n ∣ A ∣ ∣ B ∣ \left| \begin{matrix} O&A\\B&* \end{matrix} \right|= \left| \begin{matrix} *&A\\B&O \end{matrix} \right| =(-1)^{m.n} \left| \begin{matrix} A \end{matrix} \right| \left| \begin{matrix} B \end{matrix} \right| ∣∣∣∣OBA∗∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∗BAO∣∣∣∣=(−1)m.n∣∣A∣∣∣∣B∣∣
6.范德蒙行列式
∣ 1 1 1 ⋯ 1 x 1 x 2 x 3 ⋯ x n x 1 2 x 2 2 x 3 2 ⋯ x n 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ x 1 n − 1 x 2 n − 1 x 3 n − 1 ⋯ x n n − 1 ∣ = ∏ 0 ≤ j < i ≤ n n x i − x j \left| \begin{matrix} 1&1&1&\cdots&1\\ x_{1}&x_{2}&x_{3}&\cdots&x_{n}\\ x_{1}^{2}&x_{2}^{2}&x_{3}^{2}&\cdots&x_{n}^{2}\\ \cdots&\cdots&\cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\ x_{1}^{n-1}&x_{2}^{n-1}&x_{3}^{n-1}&\cdots&x_{n}^{n-1}\\ \end{matrix} \right|=\prod_{0\leq j<i\leq n}^n{x_i-x_j} ∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1x1x12⋯x1n−11x2x22⋯x2n−11x3x32⋯x3n−1⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯1xnxn2⋯xnn−1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=0≤j<i≤n∏nxi−xj