这次的项目内容是载入可执行文件。
首先按照project0的做法，先修改Makefile，然后make depend, make，再修改.bochsrc，最后运行，竟然发现运行失败，连TODO都没有看到，如图：
错误提示说，文件系统没有挂载。看看本次项目的过程就知道原因了。首先项目分两块编译，一个是内核，用来等待你填写解析ELF格式部分的代码，而另一部分，就是在src/project1/src/user目录下的a.c文件，该文件编译后会得到一个目标文件a.exe（ELF格式），并且放入diskc.img磁盘映像中，而编译后可以看到磁盘映像是被正确生成了的：
$ ls
Makefile bochs.out common depend.mak diskc.img fd.img geekos libc tools userman bochsrc可以查看.bochsrc的格式，经过一番研究，得到如下.bochsrc：
vgaromimage: file=/usr/share/vgabios/vgabios.bin
romimage: file=/usr/share/bochs/BIOS-bochs-latest
megs: 8
boot: a
#gdbstub: enabled=1, port=1234, text_base=0, data_base=0, bss_base=0
floppya: 1_44=fd.img, status=inserted
ata0: enabled=1, ioaddr1=0x1f0, ioaddr2=0x3f0, irq=14
ata0-master: type=disk, path=diskc.img, mode=flat, cylinders=40, heads=8, spt=64, translation=none
log: ./bochs.out
keyboard_serial_delay: 200
vga_update_interval: 300000
mouse: enabled=0
private_colormap: enabled=0
i440fxsupport: enabled=0简单地说就是把diskc.img硬盘镜像挂在ata0上。
接下来要分析ELF格式了，ELF格式文档下载地址为：
http://www.x86.org/ftp/manuals/tools/elf.pdf
你可以一边看文档的描述，一边用一个16进制编辑器打开生成的a.exe分析比较。UNIX环境下有很多好的16进制编辑器，比如hexdump后less，也可以用ghex2，当然传统的文本编辑器也自带16进制编辑器功能，比如emacs的hexl-mode，方法是用emacs打开文件，M-x hexl-mode <RET>：
首先观察，我们这次分析ELF格式的目标，是获取什么信息。我们要填写的函数为：
int Parse_ELF_Executable(char *exeFileData, ulong_t exeFileLength,
struct Exe_Format *exeFormat)其中exeFileData是一个指向a.exe内容开头的指针，exeFileLength则是该文件的长度，而exeFormat则为指向struct Exe_Format结构体的指针，该结构体在/include/geekos/elf.h中有定义：
/*
* A struct concisely representing all information needed to
* load an execute an executable.
*/
struct Exe_Format {
struct Exe_Segment segmentList[EXE_MAX_SEGMENTS]; /* Definition of segments */
int numSegments; /* Number of segments contained in the executable */
ulong_t entryAddr; /* Code entry point address */
};其中entry为代码入口的指针地址，numSegments为Segment的数量，上面有一个struct Exe_Segment类型的数组，保存了每个Segment的信息，数组的长度为3，因为我们只需要文件中的代码Segment和数据Segment。struct Exe_Segment的定义为：
/*
* A segment of an executable.
* It specifies a region of the executable file to be loaded
* into memory.
*/
struct Exe_Segment {
ulong_t offsetInFile; /* Offset of segment in executable file */
ulong_t lengthInFile; /* Length of segment data in executable file */
ulong_t startAddress; /* Start address of segment in user memory */
ulong_t sizeInMemory; /* Size of segment in memory */
int protFlags; /* VM protection flags; combination of VM_READ,VM_WRITE,VM_EXEC */
};#define EI_NIDENT 16
typedef struct {
unsigned char e_ident[EI_NIDENT];
Elf32_Half e_type;
Elf32_Half e_machine;
Elf32_Word e_version;
Elf32_Addr e_entry;
Elf32_Off e_phoff;
Elf32_Off e_shoff;
Elf32_Word e_flags;
Elf32_Half e_ehsize;
Elf32_Half e_phentsize;
Elf32_Half e_phnum;
Elf32_Half e_shentsize;
Elf32_Half e_shnum;
Elf32_Half e_shstrndx;
} Elf32_Ehdr;关于Elf32_Half等类型的定义是这样的：
Figure 1-2. 32-Bit Data Types
Elf32_Addr 44 Unsigned program address
Elf32_Half 22 Unsigned medium integer
Elf32_Off 44 Unsigned file offset
Elf32_Sword 44 Signed large integer
Elf32_Word 44 Unsigned large integer
unsigned char 11 Unsigned small integer
其中e_phnum代表"e_phnum This member holds the number of entries in the program header table."也就是Segment的数目，Program Header就是Segment，从该结构体上看，e_phnum的偏移为：
1*16+2*2+4*1+4*1+4*2+4*1+2*2 = 0x2Cint Parse_ELF_Executable(char *exeFileData, ulong_t exeFileLength,
struct Exe_Format *exeFormat)
{
char *exeFileData_p = exeFileData;
exeFileData_p += 0x2C;
Print("Segment number = %d\n", *((unsigned short*)exeFileData_p));
while(1);
return 0;
}运行结果如图：
为了验证这个数字是否正确，我们还可以用readelf读取ELF文件头：
$ readelf a.exe -h
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: Intel 80386
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x1000
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 4404 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 3
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 7
Section header string table index: 4可以看到readelf显示的结果和我们的程序读取到的结果一样，证明已经正确读出了Segment的数量。
有了上面这一步，接下来的工作就简单了，只需要从偏移为e_phoff的地址读取e_phnum个大小为e_phentsize的数据，并从中提取出offsetInFile，lengthInFile， startAddress，sizeInMemory，当然最后还别忘了填写numSegments、 entryAddr。
最终Parse_ELF_Executable函数为：
int Parse_ELF_Executable(char *exeFileData, ulong_t exeFileLength,
struct Exe_Format *exeFormat)
{
char *p; /* pointer of current position */
int i; /* for iterate segments */
/* segment number */
p = exeFileData + 0x2C;
exeFormat->numSegments = *((unsigned short*)p);
/* code entry point addr*/
p = exeFileData + 0x18;
exeFormat->entryAddr = *((unsigned int*)p);
/* program header offset */
unsigned int phoff;
p = exeFileData + 0x1C;
phoff = *((unsigned int*)p);
p = exeFileData + phoff;
/* fill segments */
for (i = 0; i < exeFormat->numSegments; i++) {
unsigned int p_type, p_offset, p_vaddr, p_paddr, p_filesz, p_memsz, p_flags, p_align;
p_type = *((unsigned int*)p);p += 4;
p_offset = *((unsigned int*)p);p += 4;
p_vaddr = *((unsigned int*)p);p += 4;
p_paddr = *((unsigned int*)p);p += 4;
p_filesz = *((unsigned int*)p);p += 4;
p_memsz = *((unsigned int*)p);p += 4;
p_flags = *((unsigned int*)p);p += 4;
p_align = *((unsigned int*)p);p += 4;
exeFormat->segmentList[i].offsetInFile = p_offset; /* Offset of segment in executable file */
exeFormat->segmentList[i].lengthInFile = p_filesz; /* Length of segment data in executable file */
exeFormat->segmentList[i].startAddress = p_vaddr; /* Start address of segment in user memory */
exeFormat->segmentList[i].sizeInMemory = p_memsz; /* Size of segment in memory */
exeFormat->segmentList[i].protFlags = 0; /* VM protection flags; combination of VM_READ,VM_WRITE,VM_EXEC */
}
return 0;
}
运行结果为：
现在结果虽然显示出来了，但是发现a.c源文件中的第二个字符串没有打印出来，a.c的源文件如下：
void ELF_Print(char* msg);
15
16
17 char s1[40] = "Hi ! This is the first string\n";
18
19 int main(int argc, char** argv)
20 {
21 char s2[40] = "Hi ! This is the second string\n";
22
23 ELF_Print(s1);
24 ELF_Print(s2);
25
26 return 0;
27 }
好像是只有在main函数外定义的字符串才能被打印显示，如果有谁知道原因的话请告诉我，谢谢。
到这里project1就基本完成了。
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