C++类与运算符重载详解-CSDN博客

警告：本文是用来学习有关类的知识点，由于初学，所以必会犯很多错误，请大家酌情观看

1、重载<<操作符
先移步至博客：类（运算符重载）实现有理数的加减乘除大致看一下 print（）函数和 main（）函数的内容

以 main()函数 的有理数加法运算 举例（下面是原代码）:

Rational f1(2,16);
Rational f2(7,8);
Rational res = f1 + f2;
f1.print();
std::cout <<" + ";
f2.print();
std::cout <<" = ";
res.print();
std::cout <<"\n";

可以看出要连续调用三次 print()函数，非常的繁琐

我们试着给 “<<” 重载看看

首先在 Rational类 中加入友元函数:
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,Rational f);

并为其定义:
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,Rational f)
{
	os<< f.fz <<"/"<< f.fm ;
	return os
}

最后可以这样写输出表达式:
std::cout<< f1 << "+" << f2 << "=" << (f1/f2) <<"\n";

2、多继承
很好理解，举个例子就知道了

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
class Teacher
{
	public:
		Teacher(std::string Name1);
		std::string a;
};
class Student
{
	public:
		Student(std::string Name2);
		std::string b;
};
class Teachingstudent :public Student,public Teacher
{
	public:
		Teachingstudent(std::string Name3,std::string Name4);
		void introduce();
		std::string c;
		std::string d;
};

Teacher::Teacher(std::string Name1)
{
	a = Name1;
}

Student::Student(std::string Name2)
{
	b = Name2;
}

Teachingstudent::Teachingstudent(std::string Name1,std::string Name2):Teacher(Name1),Student(Name2) //标记
{
	c = Name1;
	d = Name2;
}
int main()
{
	Teachingstudent teachingstudent("1","2");
	std::cout<<teachingstudent.a<<teachingstudent.b<<teachingstudent.c<<teachingstudent.d;
	return 0;
}

output:
1212

当标记处 Teacher(Name1),Student(Name2) 变成 Teacher(Name2),Student(Name1) 时，最终会输出 2112，原理是标记处各个函数间的参数是"相通的"

3、虚继承
虚继承主要解决多继承中出现变量访问不明确的问题，如：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
public:
	A();
	int num;
};
class B:virtual public A //虚继承（继承了 num）
{
public: 
	B();
}; 
class C:virtual public A //虚继承 （继承了 num）
{
public: 
	C();
};
class D:public B,public C
{
public: 
	D();
};
A::A()
{
	num = 520;
	cout<<"A"<<endl;
}
B::B()
{
	cout<<"B"<<endl;
}
C::C()
{
	cout<<"C"<<endl;
}
D::D()
{
	cout<<"D"<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	D d;
	//cout<<d.num<<endl;//error:访问不明确；没加virtual前
	//第一种方案：清楚的表明作用域，以免出现歧义
	//cout<<d.B::num<<endl
	//cout<<d.C::num<<endl
	//第二种方案：加上virtual后，就没有歧义了，B和C都指向同一份A
	cout<<d.num<<endl;//加上virtual OK
	return 0;
}