【贪玩巴斯】带你一起攻克英语语法长难句—— 第六章——英语的特殊结构 ——2022年3月19日-20日

欢迎关注我的微信公众号：
编程之蓁

ID：
bianchengzhizhen
及时分享算法、计算机科学以及游戏编程内容

本人CSDN博客主页：
贪玩巴斯
欢迎互相交流学习
————————————————

---

1.强调句型

1.1 构成

• 强调句型的基本构成： It is… that/who… 。
  that 可以指人，也可以指物，但是who只能指人。所以，在写作时，使用that更为保险。
• 例子：
• • 我昨天在街上遇到了我的旧情人。
• • I met an old flame in the street yesterday.
• • 强调1：就是我昨天在街上遇到了我的旧情人。
• • It was I that met an old flame in the street yesterday.
• • 强调2：就是在昨天我在街上遇到了我的旧情人。
• • It was yesterday that I met an old flame in the street.
• 强调句子的真正用法：
• • 当强调句型：It is … that … 在句中出现的时候，它们暂时不做成分，本身也没有意义。只是一个框架，强调哪部分，就把哪部分放在 … 省略号处，被强调部分不允许有任何修改。
• • 需要注意：一般情况下强调句型不能强调句子的谓语。
• • 强调句型是一个框架，在意群中必须遵守意群的时态，（其实只有两种形式：要么is，要么was，过去时态用was，其他时态都用is）
• 总结：
• • 当我们讲完强调句时，就有必要区分一下它和主语从句了。
• • 判断方法很简单：只需要把It is … that … 去掉即可。如果去掉后句子仍然为完整的话，就是强调句；如果去掉后句子成分残缺，就是主语从句。

1.2 应用

1. 写作

• 强调句型是写作三大经典句型（强调句型，倒装，虚拟语气）之一。能够熟练掌握本句型的同学，可以随意强调句子中除谓语以外的任何部分。掌握不太好的话，可以选择强调主语（主语前加 it is/was , 后加that）
• 举例：
• • There exist numerous factors here to account for the phenomenon.
• • 改写为强调句：It is to account for the phenomenon that there exist numerous factors here.

2. 长难句分析：

• 去掉It is … that… , 还原为句子本来的模样后再翻译。

2.倒装句

• 只讲常考的部分倒装。

2.1 什么是倒装句？

• Do you love me?
• Is your father an official?
• Have you been to Europe?

这三个句子都是一般疑问句。
这就是倒装，倒装就是把一个句子写成一般疑问句的语序，也就是将助动词、be动词放在主语前面。（不涉及完全倒装）

2.2 倒装的具体用法

1. 否定词放在句首时 用倒装

• I have never been to other cuntries except Japan.
• 倒装：Never have I been to other countries except Japan.
• Seldom does she take a shower in winter.
• 倒装：Seldom does she take a shower in winter.
• The public can fail to pay attention to the issue of pollution under no circumstances.
• 倒装：Under no circumstance can the public fail to pay attention to the issue of pollution.

2. so（表肯定），nor/neither （表否定） 位于句首，表明承前句子的 肯定或否定时 用倒装。

• My husband can speak Japanese.I can speak Japanese, too.
• 倒装：My husband can speak Japanese,and so can I.
• America is a democratic nation. Canada is a democratic notion,too.
• 倒装：America is a democratic nation, and so is Canada.
• I cannot dance well. My daughter cannot dance either.
• 倒装：I cannot dance well, and neither/nor can my daughter.

3. 含有 so…that… 结构的句子 将 so 引导的部分置于句首时 用倒装。

• He was so excited that he cannot help laughing at midnight.
• 倒装：So excited was he that he cannot help laughing at midnight.
• She looks so gorgeous that she can catch the eye of everyone.
• 倒装：So gorgeous does she look that she can catch the eye of everyone.

4. only + 状语，位于句首时用倒装。

• His girlfriend called his name only once.
• 倒装：Only once did his girlfriend call his name.
• You will call your mother only when you need additional pocket money.
• 倒装：Only when you need additional pocket money will you call your mother.
• The problem could be resolved only in this way.
• 倒装：Only in this way could the problem be resolved.

5. as 引导让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首构成倒装。

• As I look ugly, I am quite gentle.
• 倒装：Ugly as I look, I am quite gentle.
• As the drawing seems simple, the meaning behind it is far-reaching.
• 倒装：Simple as the drawing seems , the meaning behind it is far-reaching.
• 提示：As的倒装，只需要把表语提前，不需要把助动词提前。

6. 省略if的虚拟语气用倒装。（具体参见下面的虚拟倒装部分）

2.3 倒装的应用

1. 写作

• 倒装、强调和虚拟语气 三个高分句型。

2. 长难句分析

• 首先要学会识别倒装句： 一般疑问句的语序，但后面没有问号。
• 其次：倒装句是不能够直接翻译的。
• 倒装句一般都要还原成正常语序后再进行翻译。

3.虚拟语气

3.1 什么是虚拟语气

• 当表示与事实相反的或虚假的、难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气。有时表示主观愿望、建议或某种强烈情感，也用虚拟语气。

3.2 一般用法

• 由 if 引导的条件句可以改写成虚拟语气。
• 句子：
• • If you are a tear in my eyes, I will never shed it.
• • 虚拟：If you were a tear in my eyes, I would never shed it.
• • If I was a dog last night, I could sleep beside you.
• • 虚拟：If I had been a dog last night, I could have slept beside you.
• 两个句子都是由if引导的普通条件句。
• 所有的条件句都可以改写成虚拟语气。
• 改写的方法： 把已经写好的句子的时态变为过去时态。
• are 的过去式为 were，will 的过去式是 would
• was 的过去式为 had + done
• could 是没有过去时态的（有时态的是实义动词（词组） 或 系动词），could sleep 的过去式 could have slept
• 总结：
• 虚拟语气的一般用法就是这么简单，分为两种情况：
• （首先我们要记住把正常句子的时态变为相应的过去时）
• 对现在和将来的虚拟（句1）：
• • 主句用“would + do”, 从句用一般过去时。
• 对过去的虚拟（句2）：
• • 主句用“could+have done”；从句用过去完成时态。
• • 需要注意的是：第一，在虚拟语气中，am/is/are 的过去式 都是 were，不用was！ 第二，would = could = might。
• 例句：
• • If most of youngsters fail to be confident, the whole society will pay a heavy price.
• • 虚拟：If most of youngsters failed to be cinfident, the whole socity would pay a heavy price.
• • If I followed my mother’s advice at the beginning, I could have a brilliant future.
• • 虚拟：if I had followed my mother’s advice at the beginning, I could have had a brilliant future.

3.3 特殊用法

1. 以下情况从句用“should + 动词原形” 表示虚拟，并且should 可以省略。

• 以防：in case that, for fear that, lest 等。
• 命 令：order, direct, command 等。
• 建 议：suggest, advise, proposde 等。
• 要求：ask, request, require, demand 等。
• 用虚拟
• 是必要/紧急的： It is necessary/ important/ urgent that…
• 举例：
• • My friend asked me that I should lose my weight as quickly as possible.
• • It is necessary that universities should pay close attention to the issue of mental health of university student.

2. 以下情况 从句 用过去时 表示虚拟：

• 常见的有两个：would rather 和 It is high time that…
• 举例：
• I would rather you were happier than I.
• It is high time that we poured attention into the issue and took necessary cations.

3. 以下情况要区别对待：

• 常见的词有：wish、if only(如果…该多好啊),but for(要不是), or/ otherwise (否则), as if / as though (好像) 等。
• 这种情况，需要把本来的时态变成相应的过去时态，情况类似于if条件句变为虚拟语气。
• 例句：
• • I wish I will be your angel and protect you.
• • 虚拟： I wish I would be your angel and protect you.
• • When I was young, he treated me as if I was his own son.
• • 虚拟：When I was young, he terated me as if I had been his own son.

4. 虚拟语气的倒装：

• if 引导虚拟条件句时，如果从句中有were/had/should，可以省略if，用倒装句式“were/had/should + 主语”
• 举例：
• • If I were at school again, I would study harder.
• • 倒装：Were I at school agagin, I would study harder.
• • If I had followed my mother’s adevice at the beginning, I could have had a brilliant future.

5. 应用：

• 写作：满分表达
• 长难句分析：无论句子有没有使用虚拟语气，都可以直接翻译。

4.插入语

4.1 含义

• 插入语是指 插在句子中的词语或句子， 位置比较灵活， 通常用逗号或破折号隔开， 与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系。
• 其作用是：对一句话附加解释，说明或总结；有时表说话人的态度和看法，有时起强调作用，有时引起对方的注意；还可以转移话题或说明原因的作用；也可以承上启下，使衔接更紧密。

4.2 常用插入语

1. 副词作插入语

• 常见的有：undoubtedly, indeed, surely, obviously, briefly, actually, futhermore, besides, additionally, similarly, exactly 等。
• 例子：
• • Respecting parents, undoubtedly, keeps a Chinese tradional viture.
• • Cooperation, acctually, is a necessity to success.

2. 介词短语作插入语

• 常见的有： for my part, from my perspective, in short, on the contrary, in other words, in a/some sense, in general, in one’s opinion, in conclusion, in reality, as a matter of fact, in addition, in return, as a consequence/result 等。
• 例子：
• • The story about the hen, for my part, seeks to draw our attention to the issue of honesty.
• • The public, in conclusion, should do something to relieve the pressure.

3. 不定式短语作插入语

• 常见的有： to be frank, to tell you the truth, to be honest, to be sure, to make the matter worse等。
• Those charming actors, to be frank, are hard-working when they perform on the stage.

4. 分句作插入语

• 常见的有： I belive, I suppose, I am afraid, what’s more, you know, that is (to say), as far as I know, as far as I’m concerned, believe it or not 等。
• Overfishing, believe it or not, has become a widespread problem around the world.

5. 现在分词短语作插入语

• 常见的有：honestly speaking, generally speaking, strictly speaking 等。
• The number of fish, strictly speaking, has decreased sharply in ten years.

4.3 应用

1. 写作：
   插入语使得语言更正式，所以在一篇文章中使用3~4次插入语很正常。要学会活学活用。
2. 长难句分析：
   在阅读理解中，见到插入语可以忽视或视而不见，但是在翻译中不可以这样处理，具体的翻译方式视情况而定：

• 如果插入语表示观点，则要提到句首翻译。
• 如果插入语是修饰前面名词的定语，则按照定语的翻译方式来处理。
• 除了以上两种情况，插入语都可以直接翻译，用小括号隔开即可。