mysql的Sql优化实战

SQL优化实战

CREATE TABLE `staffs`(
	id int primary key auto_increment,
	name varchar(24) not null default "" comment'姓名',
	age int not null default 0 comment '年龄',
	pos varchar(20) not null default ""  comment'职位',
	add_time timestamp not null default current_timestamp comment '入职时间'
	)charset utf8 comment '员工记录表';
 
	
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values('z3',22,'manage',now());
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values('july',23,'dev',now());
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values('2000',23,'dev',now());
 
alter table staffs add index idx_staffs_nameAgePos(name,age,pos);

策略1.尽量全值匹配

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' AND age = 25;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' AND age = 25 AND pos = 'dev'

当建立了索引列后，能在where条件中使用索引的尽量所用。

策略2.最佳左前缀法则

如果索引了多列，要遵守最左前缀法则。指的是查询从索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列。

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE  age = 25 AND pos = 'dev'
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE pos = 'dev'
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' 

策略3.不在索引列上做任何操作

不在索引列上做任何操作（计算、函数、(自动or手动)类型转换），会导致索引失效而转向全表扫描

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July';

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE left(NAME,4) = 'July';

策略4.范围条件放最后

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' ;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July'  and age =22;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July'  and age =22 and pos='manager'

中间有范围查询会导致后面的索引列全部失效
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July'  and age >22 and pos='manager'

指的是范围条件的索引放到最后

策略5.覆盖索引尽量用

尽量使用覆盖索引(只访问索引的查询(索引列和查询列一致))，减少select *

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July'  and age =22 and pos='manager'

EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July'  and age =22 and pos='manager'

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July'  and age >22 and pos='manager'

EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July'  and age >22 and pos='manager'

策略6.不等于要慎用

mysql 在使用不等于(!= 或者<>)的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July';

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME != 'July';

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME <> 'July';

如果定要需要使用不等于,请用覆盖索引

EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME != 'July';

EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME <> 'July';

策略7.Null/Not 有影响

注意null/not null对索引的可能影响

在字段为not null的情况下，使用is null 或 is not null 会导致索引失效
在字段为null的情况下，使用 is not null 会导致索引失效
只有字段为null，使用is null有效

策略8.Like查询要当心

like以通配符开头(’%abc…’)mysql索引失效会变成全表扫描的操作

EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name ='july'

EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like '%july%'

EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like '%july'

EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like 'july%'

解决方式：覆盖索引
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name like '%july%'

策略9.字符类型加引号

字符串不加单引号索引失效

EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name = 917

解决方式：请加引号

策略10.OR改UNION效率高

EXPLAIN
select * from staffs where name='July' or name = 'z3'


EXPLAIN
select * from staffs where name='July' 
UNION
select * from staffs where  name = 'z3'

解决方式：覆盖索引
EXPLAIN
select name,age from staffs where name='July' or name = 'z3'

记忆总结：

全职匹配我最爱，最左前缀要遵守；

带头大哥不能死，中间兄弟不能断；

索引列上少计算，范围之后全失效；

LIKE百分写最右，覆盖索引不写*；

不等空值还有OR，索引影响要注意；

VAR引号不可丢， SQL优化有诀窍。

测试

注意：建表的时候不要建成全索引表，要有普通字段，会导致select * 变成覆盖索引影响测试结果
index(a,b,c)

where	索引是否被使用	原因
where	Y，使用到a	满足最佳左前缀
where a=3 and b=5	Y，使用到a,b	满足最佳左前缀
where a=3 and b=5 and c=4	Y，使用到a,b,c	满足最佳左前缀
where b=3 或者 b=3 and c=4 或者 where c=4	N	不满足最佳左前缀
where a=3 and c=5	使用到a,但是c不可以，b中间断了	不满足最佳左前缀
where a=3 and b>4 and c=5	使用到a，c不能用在范围之后，b断了	违反范围条件放最后
where a=3 and b like ‘kk%’ and c=4	Y，只使用到a,b,c	正常使用索引
where a=3 and b like ‘%kk’ and c=4	Y，只使用到a	索引失效变全表扫描
where a=3 and b like ‘%kk%’ and c=4	Y，只使用到a	索引失效变全表扫描
where a=3 and b like ‘k%kk%’ and c=4	Y，使用到a,b,c	正常使用索引