前缀、中缀、后缀表达式

三种表达式主要区别在运算数以及操作数的位置不同,中缀表达式为为人们常用的算术表达式,但计算机在进行运算时会先将中缀表达式转换为后缀或者前缀

前缀表达式的计算机求值:
从右至左扫描表达式,遇到数字时,将数字压入堆栈,遇到运算符时,弹出栈顶的两个数,用运算符对它们做相应的计算(栈顶元素 op 次顶元素),并将结果入栈;重复上述过程直到表达式最左端,最后运算得出的值即为表达式的结果。
例如前缀表达式“- × + 3 4 5 6”:
(1) 从右至左扫描,将6、5、4、3压入堆栈;
(2) 遇到+运算符,因此弹出3和4(3为栈顶元素,4为次顶元素,注意与后缀表达式做比较),计算出3+4的值,得7,再将7入栈;
(3) 接下来是×运算符,因此弹出7和5,计算出7×5=35,将35入栈;
(4) 最后是-运算符,计算出35-6的值,即29,由此得出最终结果。
可以看出,用计算机计算前缀表达式的值是很容易的。

将中缀表达式转换为前缀表达式:
遵循以下步骤:
(1) 初始化两个栈:运算符栈S1和储存中间结果的栈S2;
(2) 从右至左扫描中缀表达式;
(3) 遇到操作数时,将其压入S2;
(4) 遇到运算符时,比较其与S1栈顶运算符的优先级:
(4-1) 如果S1为空,或栈顶运算符为右括号“)”,则直接将此运算符入栈;
(4-2) 否则,若优先级比栈顶运算符的较高或相等,也将运算符压入S1;
(4-3) 否则,将S1栈顶的运算符弹出并压入到S2中,再次转到(4-1)与S1中新的栈顶运算符相比较;
(5) 遇到括号时:
(5-1) 如果是右括号“)”,则直接压入S1;
(5-2) 如果是左括号“(”,则依次弹出S1栈顶的运算符,并压入S2,直到遇到右括号为止,此时将这一对括号丢弃;
(6) 重复步骤(2)至(5),直到表达式的最左边;
(7) 将S1中剩余的运算符依次弹出并压入S2;
(8) 依次弹出S2中的元素并输出,结果即为中缀表达式对应的前缀表达式。
例如,将中缀表达式“1+((2+3)×4)-5”转换为前缀表达式的过程如下:

扫描到的元素S2(栈底->栈顶)S1 (栈底->栈顶)说明
55数字,直接入栈
-5-S1为空,运算符直接入栈
)5- )右括号直接入栈
45 4- )数字直接入栈
×5 4- ) ×S1栈顶是右括号,直接入栈
)5 4- ) × )右括号直接入栈
35 4 3- ) × )数字
+5 4 3- ) × ) +S1栈顶是右括号,直接入栈
25 4 3 2- ) × ) +数字
(5 4 3 2 +- ) ×左括号,弹出运算符直至遇到右括号
(5 4 3 2 + ×-同上
+5 4 3 2 + ×- +优先级与-相同,入栈
15 4 3 2 + × 1- +数字
到达最左端5 4 3 2 + × 1 + -S1中剩余的运算符
因此结果为“- + 1 × + 2 3 4 5”。

后缀表达式(后缀记法、逆波兰式)
后缀表达式与前缀表达式类似,只是运算符位于操作数之后。

后缀表达式的计算机求值:
与前缀表达式类似,只是顺序是从左至右:
从左至右扫描表达式,遇到数字时,将数字压入堆栈,遇到运算符时,弹出栈顶的两个数,用运算符对它们做相应的计算(次顶元素 op 栈顶元素),并将结果入栈;重复上述过程直到表达式最右端,最后运算得出的值即为表达式的结果。
例如后缀表达式“3 4 + 5 × 6 -”:
(1) 从左至右扫描,将3和4压入堆栈;
(2) 遇到+运算符,因此弹出4和3(4为栈顶元素,3为次顶元素,注意与前缀表达式做比较),计算出3+4的值,得7,再将7入栈;
(3) 将5入栈;
(4) 接下来是×运算符,因此弹出5和7,计算出7×5=35,将35入栈;
(5) 将6入栈;
(6) 最后是-运算符,计算出35-6的值,即29,由此得出最终结果。

将中缀表达式转换为后缀表达式:
与转换为前缀表达式相似,遵循以下步骤:
(1) 初始化两个栈:运算符栈S1和储存中间结果的栈S2;
(2) 从左至右扫描中缀表达式;
(3) 遇到操作数时,将其压入S2;
(4) 遇到运算符时,比较其与S1栈顶运算符的优先级:
(4-1) 如果S1为空,或栈顶运算符为左括号“(”,则直接将此运算符入栈;
(4-2) 否则,若优先级比栈顶运算符的高,也将运算符压入S1(注意转换为前缀表达式时是优先级较高或相同,而这里则不包括相同的情况);
(4-3) 否则,将S1栈顶的运算符弹出并压入到S2中,再次转到(4-1)与S1中新的栈顶运算符相比较;
(5) 遇到括号时:
(5-1) 如果是左括号“(”,则直接压入S1;
(5-2) 如果是右括号“)”,则依次弹出S1栈顶的运算符,并压入S2,直到遇到左括号为止,此时将这一对括号丢弃;
(6) 重复步骤(2)至(5),直到表达式的最右边;
(7) 将S1中剩余的运算符依次弹出并压入S2;
(8) 依次弹出S2中的元素并输出,结果的逆序即为中缀表达式对应的后缀表达式(转换为前缀表达式时不用逆序)。

例如,将中缀表达式“1+((2+3)×4)-5”转换为后缀表达式的过程如下:
扫描到的元素S2(栈底->栈顶)S1 (栈底->栈顶)说明
11数字,直接入栈
+1+S1为空,运算符直接入栈
(1+ (左括号,直接入栈
(1+ ( (同上
21 2+ ( (数字
+1 2+ ( ( +S1栈顶为左括号,运算符直接入栈
31 2 3+ ( ( +数字
)1 2 3 ++ (右括号,弹出运算符直至遇到左括号
×1 2 3 ++ ( ×S1栈顶为左括号,运算符直接入栈
41 2 3 + 4+ ( ×数字
)1 2 3 + 4 ×+右括号,弹出运算符直至遇到左括号
-1 2 3 + 4 × +--与+优先级相同,因此弹出+,再压入-
51 2 3 + 4 × + 5-数字
到达最右端1 2 3 + 4 × + 5 -S1中剩余的运算符

因此结果为“1 2 3 + 4 × + 5 -”(注意需要逆序输出)。


import java.util.Scanner;  
import java.util.Stack;  
/** 
 * Example of converting an infix-expression to 
 * Polish Notation (PN) or Reverse Polish Notation (RPN). 
 * Written in 2011-8-25 
 * @author QiaoMingkui 
 */  
public class Calculator {  
      public static final String USAGE = "== usage ==\n"  
            + "input the expressions, and then the program "  
            + "will calculate them and show the result.\n"  
            + "input 'bye' to exit.\n";  
      /** 
       * @param args 
       */  
      public static void main(String[] args) {  
            System.out.println(USAGE);  
            Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);  
            String input = "";  
            final String CLOSE_MARK = "bye";  
            System.out.println("input an expression:");  
            input = scanner.nextLine();  
            while (input.length() != 0  
                  && !CLOSE_MARK.equals((input))) {  
                  System.out.print("Polish Notation (PN):");  
                  try {  
                        toPolishNotation(input);  
                  } catch (NumberFormatException e) {  
                        System.out.println("\ninput error, not a number.");  
                  } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {  
                        System.out.println("\ninput error:" + e.getMessage());  
                  } catch (Exception e) {  
                        System.out.println("\ninput error, invalid expression.");  
                  }  
                  System.out.print("Reverse Polish Notation (RPN):");  
                  try {  
                        toReversePolishNotation(input);  
                  } catch (NumberFormatException e) {  
                        System.out.println("\ninput error, not a number.");  
                  } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {  
                        System.out.println("\ninput error:" + e.getMessage());  
                  } catch (Exception e) {  
                        System.out.println("\ninput error, invalid expression.");  
                  }  
                  System.out.println("input a new expression:");  
                  input = scanner.nextLine();  
            }  
            System.out.println("program exits");  
      } 
      private static void toPolishNotation(String input)  
              throws IllegalArgumentException, NumberFormatException {  
        int len = input.length();  
        char c, tempChar;  
        Stack<Character> s1 = new Stack<Character>();  
        Stack<Double> s2 = new Stack<Double>();  
        Stack<Object> expression = new Stack<Object>();  
        double number;  
        int lastIndex = -1;  
        for (int i=len-1; i>=0; --i) {  
              c = input.charAt(i);  
              if (Character.isDigit(c)) {  
                    lastIndex = readDoubleReverse(input, i);  
                    number = Double.parseDouble(input.substring(lastIndex, i+1));  
                    s2.push(number);  
                    i = lastIndex;  
                    if ((int) number == number)  
                          expression.push((int) number);  
                    else  
                          expression.push(number);  
              } else if (isOperator(c)) {  
                    while (!s1.isEmpty()  
                                && s1.peek() != ')'  
                                && priorityCompare(c, s1.peek()) < 0) {  
                          expression.push(s1.peek());  
                          s2.push(calc(s2.pop(), s2.pop(), s1.pop()));  
                    }  
                    s1.push(c);  
              } else if (c == ')') {  
                    s1.push(c);  
              } else if (c == '(') {  
                    while ((tempChar=s1.pop()) != ')') {  
                          expression.push(tempChar);  
                          s2.push(calc(s2.pop(), s2.pop(), tempChar));  
                          if (s1.isEmpty()) {  
                                throw new IllegalArgumentException(  
                                      "bracket dosen't match, missing right bracket ')'.");  
                          }  
                    }  
              } else if (c == ' ') {  
                    // ignore  
              } else {  
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(  
                                "wrong character '" + c + "'");  
              }  
        }  
        while (!s1.isEmpty()) {  
              tempChar = s1.pop();  
              expression.push(tempChar);  
              s2.push(calc(s2.pop(), s2.pop(), tempChar));  
        }  
        while (!expression.isEmpty()) {  
              System.out.print(expression.pop() + " ");  
        }  
        double result = s2.pop();  
        if (!s2.isEmpty())  
              throw new IllegalArgumentException("input is a wrong expression.");  
        System.out.println();  
        if ((int) result == result)  
              System.out.println("the result is " + (int) result);  
        else  
              System.out.println("the result is " + result);  
  }  
  /** 
   * parse the expression, and calculate it. 
   * @param input 
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException 
   * @throws NumberFormatException 
   */  
  private static void toReversePolishNotation(String input)  
              throws IllegalArgumentException, NumberFormatException {  
        int len = input.length();  
        char c, tempChar;  
        Stack<Character> s1 = new Stack<Character>();  
        Stack<Double> s2 = new Stack<Double>();  
        double number;  
        int lastIndex = -1;  
        for (int i=0; i<len; ++i) {  
              c = input.charAt(i);  
              if (Character.isDigit(c) || c == '.') {  
                    lastIndex = readDouble(input, i);  
                    number = Double.parseDouble(input.substring(i, lastIndex));  
                    s2.push(number);  
                    i = lastIndex - 1;  
                    if ((int) number == number)  
                          System.out.print((int) number + " ");  
                    else  
                          System.out.print(number + " ");  
              } else if (isOperator(c)) {  
                    while (!s1.isEmpty()  
                                && s1.peek() != '('  
                                && priorityCompare(c, s1.peek()) <= 0) {  
                          System.out.print(s1.peek() + " ");  
                          double num1 = s2.pop();  
                          double num2 = s2.pop();  
                          s2.push(calc(num2, num1, s1.pop()));  
                    }  
                    s1.push(c);  
              } else if (c == '(') {  
                    s1.push(c);  
              } else if (c == ')') {  
                    while ((tempChar=s1.pop()) != '(') {  
                          System.out.print(tempChar + " ");  
                          double num1 = s2.pop();  
                          double num2 = s2.pop();  
                          s2.push(calc(num2, num1, tempChar));  
                          if (s1.isEmpty()) {  
                                throw new IllegalArgumentException(  
                                      "bracket dosen't match, missing left bracket '('.");  
                          }  
                    }  
              } else if (c == ' ') {  
                    // ignore  
              } else {  
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(  
                                "wrong character '" + c + "'");  
              }  
        }  
        while (!s1.isEmpty()) {  
              tempChar = s1.pop();  
              System.out.print(tempChar + " ");  
              double num1 = s2.pop();  
              double num2 = s2.pop();  
              s2.push(calc(num2, num1, tempChar));  
        }  
        double result = s2.pop();  
        if (!s2.isEmpty())  
              throw new IllegalArgumentException("input is a wrong expression.");  
        System.out.println();  
        if ((int) result == result)  
              System.out.println("the result is " + (int) result);  
        else  
              System.out.println("the result is " + result);  
  }  
  /** 
   * calculate the two number with the operation. 
   * @param num1 
   * @param num2 
   * @param op 
   * @return 
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException 
   */  
  private static double calc(double num1, double num2, char op)  
              throws IllegalArgumentException {  
        switch (op) {  
        case '+':  
              return num1 + num2;  
        case '-':  
              return num1 - num2;  
        case '*':  
              return num1 * num2;  
        case '/':  
              if (num2 == 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("divisor can't be 0.");  
              return num1 / num2;  
        default:  
              return 0; // will never catch up here  
        }  
  }  
  /** 
   * compare the two operations' priority. 
   * @param c 
   * @param peek 
   * @return 
   */  
  private static int priorityCompare(char op1, char op2) {  
        switch (op1) {  
        case '+': case '-':  
              return (op2 == '*' || op2 == '/' ? -1 : 0);  
        case '*': case '/':  
              return (op2 == '+' || op2 == '-' ? 1 : 0);  
        }  
        return 1;  
  }  
  /** 
   * read the next number (reverse) 
   * @param input 
   * @param start 
   * @return 
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException 
   */  
  private static int readDoubleReverse(String input, int start)  
              throws IllegalArgumentException {  
        int dotIndex = -1;  
        char c;  
        for (int i=start; i>=0; --i) {  
              c = input.charAt(i);  
              if (c == '.') {  
                    if (dotIndex != -1)  
                          throw new IllegalArgumentException(  
                                "there have more than 1 dots in the number.");  
                    else  
                          dotIndex = i;  
              } else if (!Character.isDigit(c)) {  
                    return i + 1;  
              } else if (i == 0) {  
                    return 0;  
              }  
        }  
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("not a number.");  
  }  
    
  /** 
   * read the next number 
   * @param input 
   * @param start 
   * @return 
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException 
   */  
  private static int readDouble(String input, int start)  
  throws IllegalArgumentException {  
        int len = input.length();  
        int dotIndex = -1;  
        char c;  
        for (int i=start; i<len; ++i) {  
              c = input.charAt(i);  
              if (c == '.') {  
                    if (dotIndex != -1)  
                          throw new IllegalArgumentException(  
                          "there have more than 1 dots in the number.");  
                    else if (i == len - 1)  
                          throw new IllegalArgumentException(  
                          "not a number, dot can't be the last part of a number.");  
                    else  
                          dotIndex = i;  
              } else if (!Character.isDigit(c)) {  
                    if (dotIndex == -1 || i - dotIndex > 1)  
                          return i;  
                    else  
                          throw new IllegalArgumentException(  
                          "not a number, dot can't be the last part of a number.");  
              } else if (i == len - 1) {  
                    return len;  
              }  
        }  
          
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("not a number.");  
  }  
  /** 
   * return true if the character is an operator. 
   * @param c 
   * @return 
   */  
  private static boolean isOperator(char c) {  
        return (c=='+' || c=='-' || c=='*' || c=='/');  
  }  
}  


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