C#总结之变量与流程控制

C#变量与流程控制

.Net5快发布了，借机整理一下C#的相关基础语法，这篇主要汇总变量与流程控制。包括c#各版本的对应关系，命名空间，变量，表达式，流程控制等基础语法。

1. C#版本与.NET版本

C#版本与.NET版本对应关系以及各版本的特性

C#版本	.NET版本	发布日期	特性
C# 1.0	.NET Framework 1.0	2002-02-13	委托、事件
C# 1.1	.NET Framework 1.1	2003-04-24	APM（异步编程模型）
C# 2.0	.NET Framework 2.0	2005-11-07	泛型、匿名方法、迭代器、可空类型
C# 3.0	.NET Framework 3.0	2007-11-06	隐式类型
C# 3.0	.NET Framework 3.5	2007-11-19	对象集合初始化、自动实现属性、匿名类型、扩展方法、查询表达式、Lambda表达式、 表达式树、分部类和方法、Linq
C# 4.0	.NET Framework 4.0	2010-04-12	动态绑定、命名和可选参数、泛型的协变和逆变、互操作性
C# 5.0	.NET Framework 4.5	2012-08-15	异步和等待(async和await)、调用方信息(Caller Information)
C# 6.0	.NET Framework 4.6	2015-07-20	C# 6 中的新增功能
C# 6.0	.NET Core 1.0	2016-06-27
C# 7.0	.NET Framework 4.6.2	2016-08-02	C# 7.0 中的新增功能
C# 7.1	.NET Framework 4.7	2017-04-05	C# 7.1 中的新增功能
C# 7.1	. .NET Core 2.0	2016-08-14	.NET Core 2.0 的新增功能
C# 7.2	.NET Framework 4.7.1	2017-10-17	C# 7.2 中的新增功能
C# 7.3	.NET Framework 4.7.2	2018-04-30	C# 7.3 中的新增功能
C# 7.3	.NET Core 2.1	2018-05-30	.NET Core 2.1 的新增功能
C# 7.3	.NET Core 2.2	2018-12-04	.NET Core 2.2 的新增功能
C# 8.0	.NET Framework 4.8	2019-04-18	C# 8.0 中的新增功能
C# 8.0	.NET Core 3.0	2019-09-23	.NET Core 3.0 的新增功能
C# 8.0	.NET Core 3.1	2019-12-03	.NET Core 3.1 的新增功能

参考链接：

• https://www.cnblogs.com/MingsonZheng/p/11273700.html

2. 代码结构与注释

namespace为命名空间，Main为程序的主入口，//为单行注释。/**/为多行注释，///三个斜杆为注释文档，#region与#endregion为折叠代码行宏变量。

2.1 命名空间

// 名称空间别名
using MyAliasNameSpace = csharplearnning.myAliasOne;

namespace csharplearnning
{
	namespace myAliasOne
	{
		public class MyClass
		{
			public string Name;
		}
	}

	namespace myAliasTwo
	{
		public class MyClass
		{
			public string Name;
		}
	}

	namespace System
	{
		namespace Collections
		{
			namespace Generic
			{
				class List<T> { };
			}
		}
	}
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
	// 强制使用using的别名
	MyAliasNameSpace::MyClass myclass = new MyAliasNameSpace.MyClass();
	myclass.Name = "dahlin";
	// 使用顶级根名称空间。
	global::System.Collections.Generic.List<int> intList = new List<int>();

	ReadKey();
}

2.2 代码结构

/*
多行注释
C#基础语法汇总
卷儿哥
*/
namespace csharplearnning
{
	class Program
	{
		/// <summary>
		/// 主入口函数
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="args"></param>
		static void Main(string[] args)
		{
			#region 打印测试
			// 单行注释
			Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!");
			Console.ReadKey();
			#endregion
		}
	}
}

3. 变量

3.1 变量类型

• 整数类型

类型	别名	取值范围
sbyte	System.SByte	-128~127 之间的整数
byte	System.Byte	0~255 之间的整数
short	System.Int16	-32768~32767之间的整数
unshort	System.UInt16	0~65535之间的整数
int	System.Int32	-2147483648~2147483647之间的整数
uint	System.UInt32	0~4294967295之间的整数
long	System.Int64	-9223372036854775808~9223372036854775807之间的整数
ulong	System.UInt64	0~18446744073709551615之间的整数

• 浮点类型

类型	别名	取值范围
float	System.Single	单精度浮点 32bit
double	System.Double	双精度浮点64bit
decimal	System.Decimal	高精度 128bit

• 文本和布尔类型

类型	别名	取值范围
char	System.Char	一个Unicode字符，存储0和65535之间的整数
string	System.String	一个字符序列
bool	System.Boolean	布尔值:true或falise

3.2 类型转换

• 隐式转换

ushort destinationVar;
char sourceVar = 'a';
destinationVar = sourceVar;
WriteLine($"sourceVar :{sourceVar}");
WriteLine($"destinationVar :{destinationVar}");

• 显示转换

byte destinationVar;
short sourceVar = 7;
destinationVar =(byte) sourceVar;
WriteLine($"sourceVar :{sourceVar}");
WriteLine($"destinationVar :{destinationVar}");

string doubleStr = "44.444";
double doubleVar = Convert.ToDouble(doubleStr);
WriteLine($"doubleVar :{doubleVar}");

float floatVar = 14.44F;
string floatString = Convert.ToString(floatVar);
WriteLine($"floatString :{floatString}");

3.3 变量使用

float myFloat = 12.3F; 
double myDouble = 12.3; 
decimal myDemail = 12.30M;
string myString = "\"my Float\" is";
string myAllString = @"
	C:\Temp\DyDir\MyFile.cs,
	dahlin
";
Console.WriteLine($"{ myString} { myDouble}");
Console.WriteLine($"myFloat is  { myFloat}");
Console.WriteLine($"myDemail is  { myDemail}");
Console.WriteLine($"myAllString is  { myAllString}");
Console.ReadKey();

4. 表达式

• 数学运算符： +，-，*，/，%

double firstNumber, secondNumber;
string userName;
Console.WriteLine("Enter your name:");
userName = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine($"Welcome {userName}");
Console.WriteLine("Please give me a number:");
firstNumber = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("Now give me another number:");
secondNumber = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine($" the sum of  {firstNumber} and {secondNumber} is {firstNumber + secondNumber}");
Console.WriteLine($" the result of subtracting  {secondNumber} from  {firstNumber}  is {secondNumber - firstNumber }");
Console.WriteLine($" the product of  {firstNumber} and {secondNumber} is {firstNumber * secondNumber}");
Console.WriteLine($" the result of dividing   {firstNumber} by {secondNumber} is {firstNumber / secondNumber}");
Console.ReadKey();

• 递增与递减：运算符放在操作数前面的，则操作数是在进行任何计算前受到到运算符的影响；运算符放在操作数的后面，则操作数时在完成表达式的计算后受到运算符的影响。

// 递增与递减运算
int var1;
int var2 = 5;
int var3 = 6;
var1 = var2++ * --var3;
Console.WriteLine($"var1 is {var1}");

5. 流程控制

5.1 布尔运算

• 布尔比较运算符：==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
• 条件布尔运算符：&&, ||

using static System.Console;
using static System.Convert;

namespace csharplearnning
{
	class Program
	{
		/// <summary>
		/// 主入口函数
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="args"></param>
		static void Main(string[] args)
		{
			WriteLine("Enter an interger:");
			int myInt = ToInt32(ReadLine());
			bool isLessThan10 = myInt < 10;
			bool isBetween0And5 = (0 <= myInt) && (myInt <= 5);
			WriteLine($"Integer less than 10? {isLessThan10}");
			WriteLine($"Integer between 0 and 5? {isBetween0And5}");
			WriteLine($"Exactly one of the above is true? {isLessThan10 ^ isBetween0And5}");
			ReadKey();
		}
	}
}

5.2 分支

5.2.1 三元运算符

WriteLine("Enter an interger:");
int myInt = ToInt32(ReadLine());
string resultString = (myInt < 10) ? "Less than 10" : "Greater than or equal to 10";
WriteLine($"the result is {resultString}");

5.2.2 if 分支

string comparison;
WriteLine("Enter a number:");
double var1 = ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
WriteLine("Enter another number:");
double var2 = ToDouble(ReadLine());
if(var1 < var2)
{
	comparison = "less than";
}
else if (var1 == var2)
{
	comparison = " equal to";
}
else
{
	comparison = "greater than";
}
WriteLine($"The first number is {comparison} the second number.");

5.2.3 switch分支

其中break可以用return和 goto case 条件 取代。

const string myName = "benjamin";
const string niceName = "andrea";
const string sillyName = "ploppy";
string name;
WriteLine("What is your name?");
name = ReadLine();
switch (name.ToLower())
{
	case myName:
		WriteLine("You have the same as me !");
		break;
	case niceName:
		WriteLine("My,what a nice name you have!");
		break;
	case sillyName:
		WriteLine("That's a very silly name.");
		break;
	default:
		WriteLine("You write a unknow name!");
		break;
}
ReadKey();

5.3 循环

5.3.1 do 循环

double balance, interestRate, targetBalance;
WriteLine("What is your current balance?");
balance = ToDouble(ReadLine());
WriteLine("What is your current annual interest rate (in %)?");
interestRate = 1 + ToDouble(ReadLine()) / 100.0;
WriteLine("What balance would you like to have?");
targetBalance = ToDouble(ReadLine());
int totalYears = 0;
if(balance< targetBalance)
{
	do
	{
		balance *= interestRate;
		++totalYears;
	} while (balance < targetBalance);
	WriteLine($"In {totalYears} year {(totalYears == 1 ? "" : "s")} you 'll have a balance of {balance}.");
}
else
{
	WriteLine("the targetBalance is less than balance!");
}

5.3.2 while 循环

double balance, interestRate, targetBalance;
WriteLine("What is your current balance?");
balance = ToDouble(ReadLine());
WriteLine("What is your current annual interest rate (in %)?");
interestRate = 1 + ToDouble(ReadLine()) / 100.0;
WriteLine("What balance would you like to have?");
targetBalance = ToDouble(ReadLine());
int totalYears = 0;
while(balance<targetBalance)
{
	balance *= interestRate;
	++totalYears;
}
WriteLine($"In {totalYears} year {(totalYears == 1 ? "" : "s")} you 'll have a balance of {balance}.");

5.3.3 for 循环

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
	if ((i % 2) == 0)
	{
		continue;
	}
	WriteLine($"i = {i}");
}