C++学习笔记之C++对C的扩展

一.类型增强
1.把一个const类型的指针赋给非const类型的指针，C语言中可以通过，但是C++中则编不过去。
C语言中表达式通常不能作为左值的，即不可被赋值，c++中某些表达式是可以赋值的。

#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    const int a = 100;
    //a = 90;    //erro 1
    int *p = &a; //C语言中const类型的指针可以赋给非const类型的指针

    char *q = malloc(100); //malloc可以不指定（char *）malloc
    printf("*p = %d\n",*p);
    printf("Hello World!\n");

    int c, d = 5;
    //(c = d) = 100;//C语言中是不可以的，表达式是不可以被赋值的
    printf("c = %d, d = %d\n",c, d);
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    const int  a = 100;
    //int *p = &a; //c++中不行 //const int *  ---> int *
    char *q = (char *)malloc(100);//right
    //char *q = malloc(100);
     cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
    return 0;
}

2.布尔类型(bool)
C语言的逻辑真假用0和非0来表示，而C++中有了具体的类型。

#include <stdio.h>
//c++中可以直接使用
enum BOOL
{
    false,
    true,
};

typedef enum
{
    hi_false,
    hi_true,
}BOOLL;

int main(void)
{
    //c++中可以直接省掉前面的enum
    enum BOOL m = false;
    //BOOL m = false; //error
    if(!m)
    {
        printf("this is true!\n");
    }
    else
    {
        printf("this is false!\n");
    }
    BOOLL A = true;
    printf("BOOLL A = %d\n", A);

    BOOLL B = hi_false;
    printf("BOOLL B = %d\n", B);

    BOOLL C = 3;
    printf("BOOLL C = %d\n", C);
    printf("Hello World!\n");
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
enum number
{
    zero,
    two,
    three,
    four,
    five
};
//枚举类型就是占据4字节的空间，而bool是占据1字节空间
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    number A = zero;
    bool flag = true;
    printf("flag = %d\n", flag);
    printf("number A = %d\n", A);
    cout << "sizeof(enum number)" << sizeof(enum number) <<endl;
    cout << "sizeof(bool)" << sizeof(bool) <<endl;
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

enum BOOL
{
    FALSE,
    TRUE,
};

enum
{
  Spr,
  Sum,
  Autu,
  Win
};

/*-------------知识点一------------------*/
//以上的枚举相当于是宏定义
/*
#define Spr 0
#define Sum 1
#define Autu 2
#define Win 3
*/

const int BUFSIZE = 100;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int Array[BUFSIZE];

    const int a = 100;
    cout << "a = " << a <<endl;

    char *q = (char *)malloc(100);

    bool b = false;
    if(!b)
    {
        cout << "b value is false\n" << endl;
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "b value is true\n" << endl;
    }

    BOOL c = FALSE;
    if(!c)
    {
        cout << "c value is false\n" << endl;
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "c value is true\n" << endl;
    }

    bool bb;
    cout << "sizeof(bb) = " << sizeof(bb) <<endl;
    cout << "sizeof(bool) = " << sizeof(bool) << endl;
    cout << "sizeof(BOOL) = " << sizeof(BOOL) << endl;
    cout << "sizeof(c) = " << sizeof(c) << endl;

    cout << "enum " << Spr <<endl;
    cout << "enum " << Sum <<endl;
    cout << "enum " << Autu <<endl;

    /*---------------------知识点二------------------------*/
    //c语言中表达式是不能作为左值的
    int d, e = 5;
    //d = e = 100; right
    (d = e) = 100;  //right C语言中是不可以的，表达式是不可以被赋值的
    //上述的含义是d=e,d =100,e的值依然为5
    cout <<" d = " << d << " e = " << e << endl;//e = 5,d = 100

    int f =1 , g = 2;
    //三目运算符构建的条件表达式，C语言中也是不可以的
    (f < g ? f:g) =200;
    cout <<" f = " << f << " g = " << g << endl;//f = 200, g = 2

    /*---------------知识点三----------------------------------*/
    //cin cout 类对象， scanf sprintf 函数，
    char name[30];
    //下面的输入方式都是有风险的，name的空间是有限的
    //scanf("%s",name);
    //cin >> name;
    //gets(name);
    //fgets(name,30,stdin);//读29个字符，最后一个是\0

    string namestr;
    cout << "namestr.max_size() = " << namestr.max_size() << endl;

    cout << "Hello World! C++" << endl;
    return 0;
}

3.输入和输出的区别
设置域宽及位数
按进制输出
设置填充符

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int a = 123;
    float b = 1234.567;

    printf("%5c\n%5d\n%6.2f\n",'a',100,120.00);

    printf("%8d*\n",a);
    printf("%-8d--",a);
    printf("%.2f\n",b);

    //默认输出6位有效位数
    cout << "default output b:"<<b<<endl;

    //左对齐
    cout << setiosflags(ios::left)<< setw(8) << a << "="<<endl;

    //设置域宽
    cout << setw(12) << setprecision(3) << setiosflags(ios::fixed) << b << "--" <<endl;

    //进制输出
    cout << hex << a << endl;
    cout << dec << a << endl;
    cout << oct << a << endl;
    cout << setfill('*') << setiosflags(ios::left)<<setw(8)<<a<<endl;
    cout << setbase(16) << a << endl;
    cout << setfill('*') << setiosflags(ios::left)<<setw(8)<<a<<endl;

    cout << setbase(10) << endl;
    //时钟输出
    int hour = 24,min = 0,second = 0;
    cout << setfill('0') << setw(2) << hour << ":" << setw(2) << min << ":" << setw(2) << second << endl;

    cerr << "output error message!" << endl;
    clog << "cerr buffer output error message!" << endl;
    return 0;
}