1.不能将一个数组赋值给另一个数组。
- int a[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
- char b[4] = { 'a' };
- char c[10];
- int d[4];
百度一下：
烫烫烫和屯屯屯产生自VC，这是debug模式下VC对内存的初始化操作。
VC会把栈中新分配的内存初始化为0xcccccccc，而把堆中新分配的内存初始化为0xcd。
把0xcc和0xcd按照字符打印出来，就是烫和屯了。
还有锟斤拷，这个是字符编码造成的。在进行从老的编码体系到unicode的转换过程中，
部分字符不能转化，于是unicode给了它们一个特殊的占位符U + FFFD，这个用UTF - 8表示就成了\xef\xbf\xbd。
如果出现两个连着的\xef\xbf\xbd\xef\xbf\xbd，按照两个字节一个字显示成汉字，就成了锟斤拷这三个字。
而0xcccccccc用int格式就是-858993460了。。。
设计成0xcccccccc是有特殊用意的……这个好像叫做Poison，未初始化的Pointer去取值的话会出错。
肯定有人问为什么不弄成0x00000000，因为空指针是指针的有效状态，可能会误导人，
而0xCCCCCCCC在Windows下永远不可能是一个指针的有效状态（不是NULL，不指向一个对象，不指向一堆对象紧接之后的区域），这就是在模拟野指针
2.string是以\0结尾的，char[]没有特别赋值的话，是没有的。
- char a2[5] = { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e' };
- char b2[5] = { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', '\0' };
- cout << a2 << endl;
- cout << b2 << endl;
cout的时候，a2是没有结尾的，所以会一直往下走，知道出现一个\0为止。
每一次运行的结果可能都不同。
3.C++对字符串的长度没有限制，处理的时候碰到\0就会结束。
4.字符串常量，隐式添加了\0。例如‘S’和“S”是不同的，“S”中实际是两个字符，S和\0。\0只会在末尾出现，两个字符串拼接，则中间是没有\0的。
5.通过cin输入的字符串，用空字符（空格、回车、制表符等）来结尾。
- char a2[25] ;
- char b2[25] ;
- cout << "input name:" << endl;
- cin >> a2;
- cout << "input school" << endl;
- cin >> b2;
- cout << "name:" << a2 << endl;
- cout << "school:" << b2 << endl;
结果是：
输入的fable game之后，就跳过了。
这个数组超过25个之后居然还能正常输出。只不过后面就跟着中断了。
6.位字段，真惭愧，第一次听说到这个东西。每个字段占的内存是按位来算的，不是原来基础类型的字节大小。在成员名后面加个：和位数就可以了。
一般用于硬件编程了，已经非常非常底层了。怪不得还没听说过。
- typedef struct bit_field {
- unsigned int a : 5;
- unsigned int b : 3;
- unsigned int c : 20;
- unsigned int d : 4;
- } bit_field_s;
7.共同体，用于节省内存。还是没有用过。。。。。。
8.枚举形的强制类型转换，好像是没有任何异常检测和抛错什么的。。。
- enum EMyEnum
- {
- EMyEnum1,
- EMyEnum2,
- EMyEnum3,
- EMyEnum4,
- };
- EMyEnum a = EMyEnum(5);
结果a的值是5.
这个平时写代码经常用到，自己写代码检测又嫌麻烦。只能自己把握了。
9.指针的声明，每一个变量都要带*
- int i = 123;
- int* p1, p2;
- p1 = &i;
- p2 = &i;
10.new分配的内存一般都在堆（heap）或者自由存储区中，变量声明的内存一般都在栈（stack）中。
11.C++3中管理内存的方式：自动存储，静态存储，动态存储。
a.自动存储：局部变量，放在栈中，后进先出。函数被退出栈，变量就没了。
b.静态存储：static，或者写在函数外
c.动态存储：new出来的都是，放在堆中。
- #include "Chapter4.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include "Chapter2.h"
- using namespace std;
- class CTest
- {
- public:
- CTest(char c);
- ~CTest();
- static CTest* getACTest();
- private:
- char flag;
- };
-
- CTest::CTest(char c)
- {
- flag = c;
- cout << "create CTest, flag:" << flag << endl;
- }
-
- CTest::~CTest()
- {
- cout << "delete CTest, flag:" << flag << endl;
- }
-
- CTest* CTest::getACTest()
- {
- CTest b('b');
- CTest* c = new CTest('c');
- return c;
- }
-
- static CTest a('a');
- void CChapter4Answer::answer()
- {
- CTest* c = CTest::getACTest();
- CTest d('d');
- }
试了一下，各个地方的变量什么时候创建和删除。
最后得到的结果：
因为a是静态变量，所以程序启动的时候先创建了a，然后才进入main函数。
在getTest函数内先创建了b，然后new了一个c。b是声明出来的，所以函数结束之后，就会删除掉，而c是new出来的，放在堆中。
然后创建d，删除d，其实d就是在一个更大的函数内而已。
然后走完main函数，在外面才删除了a。静态变量是在关闭程序的时候才回收的。
然后c呢，c的析构函数没有走到。证明在堆中的内存，程序是不会回收的，这就是内存泄露了吧。相信操作系统会回收吧。
另外，走出了main函数之后，还是有别的操作的。这真是第一次知道。
要人工确保new和delete，对于稍微大一点的程序来说，应该不大可能吧。一般都会用智能指针，所以我在工作中，根本没有主动使用过delete这个关键字。
但是即使是智能指针，还是会出现内存泄露的情况。最先想到的就是两个智能指针互相指向，都在等对方释放。
12.vector初始化可以用{}直接包含一些元素进去。
- CTest* c = CTest::getACTest();
- CTest d('d');
-
- vector<CTest> e = { d };
4.12 复习题
- //1
- char actor[30] = { 0 };
- short betsie[100] = { 0 };
- float chuck[13] = { 0 };
- long double dipsea[64] = { 0 };
- //2
- array<char, 30> actor = { 0 };
- array<short, 100> betsie = { 0 };
- array<float, 13> chuck = { 0 };
- array<long double, 64> dipsea = { 0 };
- //3
- int a[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
- //4
- int even = a[0] + a[4];
- //5
- float ideas[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
- cout << "ideas[1]:" << ideas[1] << endl;
- //6
- char c[20] = "cheeseburger";
- cout << c << endl;
- //7
- string str = "Waldorf Salad";
- cout << str << endl;
- //8
- struct SFish
- {
- char type[20];
- int weight;
- double lenght;
- };
- //9
- SFish fish = { "big", 2, 3.4 }; 1.
- //10
- enum Response
- {
- No,
- Yes,
- Maybe,
- };
- //11.
- double ted = 123.456;
- double* tedPtr = &ted;
- cout << *tedPtr << endl;
- //12.
- float treacle[10] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
- float* ptr = treacle;
- cout << ptr[0] << " " << ptr[9] << endl;
- //13
- int n = 0;
- cin >> n;
- int* a = new int[n];
- vector<int> b(n);
- for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
- {
- a[i] = i;
- b[i] = i;
- }
- for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
- {
- cout << a[i] << " " << b[i] << endl;
- }
- /*14.语句没有问题。其实就是把字符串指针，强制转换成整形指针。
- cout只对字符串指针进行特殊处理，其他类型的指针是输出该指针的内容，即地址。*/
- char* b = "Home of the jolly bytes";
- int* a = (int *)b;
- cout << a << " " << *a << endl;
- cout << b << " " << *b << endl;
- cout << (int *)"Home of the jolly bytes" << endl;
- //15.
- struct SFish
- {
- char type[20];
- int weight;
- double lenght;
- };
- SFish* fish = new SFish{ "big", 2, 3.4 };
- cout << "fish type:" << fish->type << " wight:" << fish->weight << " lenght:" << fish->lenght << endl;
- 只读单词，不能读整行
- int year;
- cin >> year;
- char address[80];
- cin.getline(address, 80);
- cout << year << " " << address << endl;
- cin >> year;
- cin >> address;
- cout << year << " " << address << endl;
- //17.
- const int num = 10;
- vector<string> a(num);
- array<string, num> b;
4.13 编程练习
- //1
- string firstName = "";
- string lastName = "";
- cout << "What is your first name? " ;
- getline(cin, firstName);
- cout << "What is your last name? ";
- getline(cin, lastName);
- cout << "What letter grade do you deserve? ";
- char grade;
- cin >> grade;
- grade++;
- cout << "What is your age?";
- int age;
- cin >> age;
- cout << "Name: " << lastName << ", " << firstName << endl;
- cout << "Grade: " << grade << endl;
- cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
- //2
- string name;
- string dessert;
- cout << "Enter your name:\n";
- getline(cin, name);
- cout << "Enter your favorite dessert:\n";
- getline(cin, dessert);
- cout << "I have some delicious " << dessert;
- cout << " for you, " << name << endl;
- //3
- cout << "Enter your first name:";
- char firstName[20];
- cin.getline(firstName, 20);
- cout << "Enter your last name:";
- char lastName[20];
- cin.getline(lastName, 20);
- char name[80] = {0};
- strcat_s(name, firstName);
- strcat_s(name, ", ");
- strcat_s(name, lastName);
- cout << "Here's the information in a single string: "<< name;
- //4
- string firstName = "";
- string lastName = "";
- cout << "Enter your first name:";
- getline(cin, firstName);
- cout << "Enter your last name:";
- getline(cin, lastName);
- string name = firstName + ", " + lastName;
- cout << "Here's the information in a single string: " << name;
- //5
- struct CandyBar
- {
- string brand;
- double weight;
- int calorie;
- };
- CandyBar snack = { "Mocha Munch", 2.3, 350 };
- cout << "Candy brand:" << snack.brand << " weight:" << snack.weight << " calorie:" << snack.calorie;
- //6
- struct CandyBar
- {
- string brand;
- double weight;
- int calorie;
- void getInfo()
- {
- cout << "Candy brand:" << brand << " weight:" << weight << " calorie:" << calorie << "\n";
- }
- };
- CandyBar snack = { "Mocha Munch", 2.3, 350 };
- snack.getInfo();
- CandyBar candyArr[3] = { { "Mocha Munch", 2.3, 350 }, { "Big Rabbit", 3.4, 150 }, { "Alps", 4.5, 650 } };
- candyArr[0].getInfo();
- candyArr[1].getInfo();
- candyArr[2].getInfo();
- //6
- struct Pizza
- {
- string company;
- double weight;
- double diameter;
-
- };
- Pizza p = { "", 0, 0 };
- cout << "Please enter company:";
- getline(cin, p.company);
- cout << "Please enter diameter:";
- cin >> p.diameter;
- cout << "Please enter weight:";
- cin >> p.weight;
- cout << "Pizza company:" << p.company << "\ndiameter:" << p.diameter << "\nweight:" << p.weight << "\n";
- //7
- struct Pizza
- {
- string company;
- double weight;
- double diameter;
-
- };
- Pizza* p = new Pizza{ "", 0, 0 };
- cout << "Please enter diameter:";
- cin >> p->diameter;
- getline(cin, p->company);
- cout << "Please enter company:";
- getline(cin, p->company);
- cout << "Please enter weight:";
- cin >> p->weight;
- cout << "Pizza company:" << p->company << "\ndiameter:" << p->diameter << "\nweight:" << p->weight << "\n";
- delete p;
- p = NULL;
- //9
- struct CandyBar
- {
- string brand;
- double weight;
- int calorie;
- void printInfo()
- {
- cout << "Candy brand:" << brand << " weight:" << weight << " calorie:" << calorie << "\n";
- }
- };
- CandyBar* candyArr = new CandyBar[3];
- candyArr[0] = { "Mocha Munch", 2.3, 350 };
- candyArr[1] = { "Big Rabbit", 3.4, 150 };
- candyArr[2] = { "Alps", 4.5, 650 } ;
- candyArr[0].printInfo();
- candyArr[1].printInfo();
- candyArr[2].printInfo();
- delete[] candyArr;
- candyArr = NULL;
- //10
- array<double, 3> socreArr;
- cout << "Please enter you score:";
- cin >> socreArr[0];
- cout << "Please enter you score:";
- cin >> socreArr[1];
- cout << "Please enter you score:";
- cin >> socreArr[2];
- double totalScore = socreArr[0] + socreArr[1] + socreArr[2];
- cout << "times:" << 3 << " averageScore:" << totalScore/3;
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