linux学习（5）——用户和用户组管理

1、用户与用户组基础

## 添加用户john，-m自动建立主目录，并设置用户密码
dell@dell-virtual-machine:~$ sudo useradd -m john
[sudo] dell 的密码： 
dell@dell-virtual-machine:~$ sudo passwd john
输入新的 UNIX 密码： 
重新输入新的 UNIX 密码： 
passwd：已成功更新密码
dell@dell-virtual-machine:~$

## 新建用户mike，不建立主目录
dell@dell-virtual-machine:~$ sudo useradd mike
[sudo] dell 的密码：
dell@dell-virtual-machine:~$ sudo passwd mike
输入新的 UNIX 密码： 
重新输入新的 UNIX 密码： 
passwd：已成功更新密码

2、记录用户操作：history

dell@dell-virtual-machine:/home$ history
    1  clear
    2  cd 
    3  ls
    4  cd /
    5  ls
    6  cd ~
    7  ls
    8  tar -zxvf VMwareTools-10.3.10-13959562.tar.gz 
    9  ls
   10  cd vmware-tools-distrib/
   11  ls
   12  sudo ./vmware-install.pl 

dell@dell-virtual-machine:/home$ history 10
   27  ls
   28  passwd mike
   29  cd ~
   30  sudo passwd mike
   31  sudo useradd -g users knight
   32  ls
   33  cd ..
   34  ls
   35  history
   36  history 10

3、删除用户

# 删除用户mike，不删除主目录
sudo userdel mike

#删除用户，并删除主目录
dell@dell-virtual-machine:/home$ sudo userdel -r john

4、管理用户账户：usermod

选项	含义
-d	修改用户主目录
-e	修改账号的有效期
-g	修改用户所属的组
-l	修改用户账号名称
-s	修改用户登录后所使用的shell

5、用户切换，及id查看

dell@dell-virtual-machine:/home$ sudo su knight
$ id
uid=1003(knight) gid=100(users) 组=100(users)

6、受限的特权：sudo

7、/etc/passwd文件

## 整个文件用于存储用户信息文件
## 登录名：口令占位符号：用户ID：默认ID组：用户私人信息：用户主目录：登录shell
dell@dell-virtual-machine:~$ cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin
list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/usr/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:100:102:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd/netif:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-resolve:x:101:103:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd/resolve:/usr/sbin/nologin
syslog:x:102:106::/home/syslog:/usr/sbin/nologin
messagebus:x:103:107::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
_apt:x:104:65534::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
uuidd:x:105:111::/run/uuidd:/usr/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:106:112:Avahi autoip daemon,,,:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/usr/sbin/nologin
usbmux:x:107:46:usbmux daemon,,,:/var/lib/usbmux:/usr/sbin/nologin
dnsmasq:x:108:65534:dnsmasq,,,:/var/lib/misc:/usr/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:109:114:RealtimeKit,,,:/proc:/usr/sbin/nologin
cups-pk-helper:x:110:116:user for cups-pk-helper service,,,:/home/cups-pk-helper:/usr/sbin/nologin
speech-dispatcher:x:111:29:Speech Dispatcher,,,:/var/run/speech-dispatcher:/bin/false
whoopsie:x:112:117::/nonexistent:/bin/false
kernoops:x:113:65534:Kernel Oops Tracking Daemon,,,:/:/usr/sbin/nologin
saned:x:114:119::/var/lib/saned:/usr/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:115:120:PulseAudio daemon,,,:/var/run/pulse:/usr/sbin/nologin
avahi:x:116:122:Avahi mDNS daemon,,,:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/usr/sbin/nologin
colord:x:117:123:colord colour management daemon,,,:/var/lib/colord:/usr/sbin/nologin
hplip:x:118:7:HPLIP system user,,,:/var/run/hplip:/bin/false
geoclue:x:119:124::/var/lib/geoclue:/usr/sbin/nologin
gnome-initial-setup:x:120:65534::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/bin/false
gdm:x:121:125:Gnome Display Manager:/var/lib/gdm3:/bin/false
dell:x:1000:1000:dell,,,:/home/dell:/bin/bash
knight:x:1003:100::/home/knight:/bin/sh

8、/etc/shadow文件

## 存储用户口令
## 登录名：加密后口令：上次修改口令时间：两次修改口令最少天数：两次修改口令最多天数：提前多少天修改口令：在口令过期多少天后禁用用户：账号过期日期：保留位
dell@dell-virtual-machine:~$ cat /etc/shadow
cat: /etc/shadow: 权限不够
dell@dell-virtual-machine:~$ sudo cat /etc/shadow
[sudo] dell 的密码： 
root:!:18401:0:99999:7:::
daemon:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
bin:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
sys:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
sync:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
games:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
man:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
lp:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
mail:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
news:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
uucp:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
proxy:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
www-data:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
backup:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
list:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
irc:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
gnats:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
nobody:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
systemd-network:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
systemd-resolve:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
syslog:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
messagebus:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
_apt:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
uuidd:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
avahi-autoipd:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
usbmux:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
dnsmasq:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
rtkit:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
cups-pk-helper:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
speech-dispatcher:!:18295:0:99999:7:::
whoopsie:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
kernoops:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
saned:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
pulse:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
avahi:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
colord:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
hplip:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
geoclue:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
gnome-initial-setup:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
gdm:*:18295:0:99999:7:::
dell:$6$irUAOGDw$W7l7YX9EiR3S0dUd0FlfmwJ2JtlWe79gmIaG4bIWyB.p53T1oH6bY3NkV5.ruUTA5Pr9ic9BrtU5cglCoVSbz0:18401:0:99999:7:::
knight:!:18402:0:99999:7:::

9、/etc/group文件

## 系统中所有的用户组
## 组名：组口令占位符：组ID：成员列表
dell@dell-virtual-machine:~$ cat /etc/group
root:x:0:
daemon:x:1:
bin:x:2:
sys:x:3:
adm:x:4:syslog,dell
tty:x:5:
disk:x:6:
lp:x:7:
mail:x:8:
news:x:9:
uucp:x:10:
man:x:12:
proxy:x:13:
kmem:x:15:
dialout:x:20:
fax:x:21:
voice:x:22:
cdrom:x:24:dell
floppy:x:25:
tape:x:26:
sudo:x:27:dell
audio:x:29:pulse
dip:x:30:dell
www-data:x:33:
backup:x:34:
operator:x:37:
list:x:38:
irc:x:39:
src:x:40:
gnats:x:41:
shadow:x:42:
utmp:x:43:
video:x:44:
sasl:x:45:
plugdev:x:46:dell
staff:x:50:
games:x:60:
users:x:100:
nogroup:x:65534:
systemd-journal:x:101:
systemd-network:x:102:
systemd-resolve:x:103:
input:x:104:
crontab:x:105:
syslog:x:106:
messagebus:x:107:
netdev:x:108:
mlocate:x:109:
ssl-cert:x:110:
uuidd:x:111:
avahi-autoipd:x:112:
bluetooth:x:113:
rtkit:x:114:
ssh:x:115:
lpadmin:x:116:dell
whoopsie:x:117:
scanner:x:118:saned
saned:x:119:
pulse:x:120:
pulse-access:x:121:
avahi:x:122:
colord:x:123:
geoclue:x:124:
gdm:x:125:
dell:x:1000:
sambashare:x:126:dell