MySQL(复合查询)

0 前言

相关内容已经准备好了

  • 链接:https://gitee.com/ding-xushengyun/linux__cpp/blob/master/scott_data.sql
    准备工作,创建一个雇员信息表(来自oracle 9i的经典测试表)
    • emp员工表
    • dept部门表
    • salgrade工资等级表

1 基本查询

  • 查询工资高于500或岗位为MANAGER的雇员,同时还要满足他们的姓名首字母为大写的J
mysql> select * from `emp` where (`sal`>500 or `job`='MANAGER') and `ename` like 'J%';
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job     | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK   | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 | NULL |     30 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

  • 按照部门号升序而雇员的工资降序排序
mysql> select * from `emp` order by `deptno` asc, `sal` desc;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

  • 使用年薪进行降序排序
mysql> select `ename`, `sal`*12+ifnull(`comm`, 0) '年薪' from `emp` order by 年薪 desc;
+--------+----------+
| ename  | 年薪     |
+--------+----------+
| KING   | 60000.00 |
| SCOTT  | 36000.00 |
| FORD   | 36000.00 |
| JONES  | 35700.00 |
| BLAKE  | 34200.00 |
| CLARK  | 29400.00 |
| ALLEN  | 19500.00 |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| MARTIN | 16400.00 |
| MILLER | 15600.00 |
| WARD   | 15500.00 |
| ADAMS  | 13200.00 |
| JAMES  | 11400.00 |
| SMITH  |  9600.00 |
+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

  • 显示工资最高的员工的名字和工作岗位
mysql> select `ename`, `job` from `emp` where `sal` = (select max(`sal`) from `emp`);
+-------+-----------+
| ename | job       |
+-------+-----------+
| KING  | PRESIDENT |
+-------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


  • 显示工资高于平均工资的员工信息
mysql> select `ename`, `sal` from `emp` where `sal` > (select avg(`sal`) from `emp`);
+-------+---------+
| ename | sal     |
+-------+---------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • 显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资
mysql> select `deptno`, avg(`sal`), max(`sal`) from `emp` group by `deptno`;
+--------+-------------+------------+
| deptno | avg(`sal`)  | max(`sal`) |
+--------+-------------+------------+
|     10 | 2916.666667 |    5000.00 |
|     20 | 2175.000000 |    3000.00 |
|     30 | 1566.666667 |    2850.00 |
+--------+-------------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

  • 显示平均工资低于2000的部门号和它的平均工资
mysql> select `deptno`, avg(`sal`) '平均工资' from `emp` group by `deptno` having 平均工资<2000;
+--------+--------------+
| deptno | 平均工资     |
+--------+--------------+
|     30 |  1566.666667 |
+--------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

  • 显示每种岗位的雇员总数,平均工资
mysql> select `job`, count(*), format(avg(`sal`), 2) from `emp` group by `job`;
+-----------+----------+-----------------------+
| job       | count(*) | format(avg(`sal`), 2) |
+-----------+----------+-----------------------+
| ANALYST   |        2 | 3,000.00              |
| CLERK     |        4 | 1,037.50              |
| MANAGER   |        3 | 2,758.33              |
| PRESIDENT |        1 | 5,000.00              |
| SALESMAN  |        4 | 1,400.00              |
+-----------+----------+-----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2 多表查询

  • 多表查询本质就是穷举
    在这里插入图片描述
    (—此图来自于相关资料)

  • 实际有效数据为下面所示:

mysql> select * from emp, dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno | deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

  • 示部门号为10的部门名,员工名和工资
mysql> select `dname`, `ename`, `sal` from `emp`, `dept` where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;
+------------+--------+---------+
| dname      | ename  | sal     |
+------------+--------+---------+
| ACCOUNTING | CLARK  | 2450.00 |
| ACCOUNTING | KING   | 5000.00 |
| ACCOUNTING | MILLER | 1300.00 |
+------------+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

  • 显示各个员工的姓名,工资,及工资级别
mysql> select `ename`, `sal`, `grade` from `emp`, `salgrade` where `sal` between `losal` and `hisal`;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3 自连接

自连接是指在同一张表连接查询

案例:
显示员工FORD的上级领导的编号和姓名(mgr是员工领导的编号–empno)

  • 使用的子查询:
mysql> select empno, ename from emp where empno = (select mgr from emp where ename='FORD');
+--------+-------+
| empno  | ename |
+--------+-------+
| 007566 | JONES |
+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)

  • 使用多表查询(自查询)
mysql> select e1.empno, e1.ename from emp e1, emp e2 where e1.empno=e2.mgr and e2.ename='FORD';
+--------+-------+
| empno  | ename |
+--------+-------+
| 007566 | JONES |
+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4 子查询

子查询是指嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句,也叫嵌套查询

4.1 单行子查询

返回一行记录的子查询

  • 显示SMITH同一部门的员工
mysql> select ename from emp where deptno=(select deptno from emp where ename='SMITH');
+-------+
| ename |
+-------+
| SMITH |
| JONES |
| SCOTT |
| ADAMS |
| FORD  |
+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.2 多行子查询

返回多行记录的子查询

  • in关键字;查询和10号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字,岗位,工资,部门号,但是不包含10自己的
mysql> select ename, job, sal, deptno from emp where job in (select distinct job from emp where deptnoo=10) and deptno!=10;
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| ename | job     | sal     | deptno |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 |     20 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 |     30 |
| SMITH | CLERK   |  800.00 |     20 |
| ADAMS | CLERK   | 1100.00 |     20 |
| JAMES | CLERK   |  950.00 |     30 |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

  • all关键字;显示工资比部门30的所有员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号
mysql> select ename, sal, deptno from emp where sal > all(select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+-------+---------+--------+
| ename | sal     | deptno |
+-------+---------+--------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |     20 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |     20 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |     10 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |     20 |
+-------+---------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • any关键字;显示工资比部门30的任意员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号(包含自己部门的员工)
mysql> select ename, sal, deptno from emp where sal > any(select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+---------+--------+
| ename  | sal     | deptno |
+--------+---------+--------+
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     30 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     30 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     20 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     30 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     30 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     10 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     20 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     10 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     30 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     20 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     20 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     10 |
+--------+---------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.3 多列子查询

  • 查询和SMITH的部门和岗位完全相同的所有雇员,不含SMITH本人
mysql> select ename from emp where (deptno, job) = (select deptno, job from emp where ename='SMITH') and ename!!='SMITH';
+-------+
| ename |
+-------+
| ADAMS |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4.4 在from子句中使用子查询

子查询语句出现在from子句中。

  • 显示每个高于自己部门平均工资的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资
mysql> select ename, emp.deptno, sal, format(myavg, 2)  from emp, (select avg(sal) myavg, deptno from emp groupp by deptno) tmp where emp.deptno=tmp.deptno and emp.sal>tmp.myavg;
+-------+--------+---------+------------------+
| ename | deptno | sal     | format(myavg, 2) |
+-------+--------+---------+------------------+
| KING  |     10 | 5000.00 | 2,916.67         |
| JONES |     20 | 2975.00 | 2,175.00         |
| SCOTT |     20 | 3000.00 | 2,175.00         |
| FORD  |     20 | 3000.00 | 2,175.00         |
| ALLEN |     30 | 1600.00 | 1,566.67         |
| BLAKE |     30 | 2850.00 | 1,566.67         |
+-------+--------+---------+------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

  • 查找每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资
mysql> select ename, sal, deptno, maxsal from emp, (select max(sal) maxsal from emp group by deptno) tmp where sal=maxsal;
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| ename | sal     | deptno | maxsal  |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |     30 | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |     20 | 3000.00 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |     10 | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |     20 | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

  • 显示每个部门的信息(部门名,编号,地址)和人员数量
mysql> select dept.deptno, dept.dname, dept.loc, count from dept, (select deptno, count(*) count from emp groupp by deptno) tmp where tmp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+------------+----------+-------+
| deptno | dname      | loc      | count |
+--------+------------+----------+-------+
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |     3 |
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |     5 |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |     6 |
+--------+------------+----------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

4.5 合并查询

合并多个select的执行结果,可以使用集合操作符 union,union all

4.5.1 union

该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时,会自动去掉结果集中的重复行。

  • 将工资大于2500或职位是MANAGER的人找出来
mysql> select ename, sal, job from emp where sal > 2500 union
    -> select ename, sal, job from emp where job='MANAGER';
+-------+---------+-----------+
| ename | sal     | job       |
+-------+---------+-----------+
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER   |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER   |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | ANALYST   |
| KING  | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT |
| FORD  | 3000.00 | ANALYST   |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | MANAGER   |
+-------+---------+-----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.5.3 union all

该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时,不会去掉结果集中的重复行

mysql> select ename, sal, job from emp where sal > 2500 union all select ename, sal, job from emp where job='MAANAGER';
+-------+---------+-----------+
| ename | sal     | job       |
+-------+---------+-----------+
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER   |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER   |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | ANALYST   |
| KING  | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT |
| FORD  | 3000.00 | ANALYST   |
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER   |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER   |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | MANAGER   |
+-------+---------+-----------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)

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