Hello world, I'm Carrie Anne, and welcome to Crash Course Computer Science | |
Hello world!我是 Carrie Anne,欢迎收看计算机科学速成课! | |
Over the course of this series, we're going to go from bits, bytes, transistors and logic gates, | |
在这个系列中,我们会学习 Bits(位),Bytes(字节),晶体管, 逻辑门, | |
all the way to Operating Systems, Virtual Reality and Robots! | |
一直到操作系统,虚拟现实和机器人! | |
We're going to cover a lot, but just to clear things up | |
我们要学很多东西,但预先说明 | |
we ARE NOT going to teach you how to program. | |
我们 *不会* 教你怎么编程 | |
Instead, we're going to explore a range of computing topics as a discipline and a technology. | |
我们会从高层次上纵览一系列计算机话题 | |
Computers are the lifeblood of today's world. | |
计算机是当今世界的命脉 | |
If they were to suddenly turn off, all at once, | |
如果突然关掉所有的计算机 | |
the power grid would shut down, cars would crash, planes would fall, | |
电网会关闭,车辆会相撞,飞机会坠毁 | |
water treatment plants would stop, stock markets would freeze, | |
净水厂会关闭,证券市场会停止运作 | |
trucks with food wouldn't know where to deliver, and employees wouldn't get paid. | |
装满食物的卡车不知运往何方,员工得不到薪水 | |
Even many non-computer objects -like DFTBA shirts and the chair I'm sitting on- | |
甚至很多和计算机无关的东西,例如 DFTBA 的 T 恤和我现在坐的椅子 | |
are made in factories run by computers. | |
也都是在计算机管理的工厂中制造的 | |
Computing really has transformed nearly every aspect of our lives. | |
计算机改变了我们生活中几乎所有方面 | |
And this isn't the first time we've seen this sort of technology-driven global change. | |
我们也不是第一次遇到推动全球发展的科技了 | |
Advances in manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution | |
工业革命中生产能力的提高 | |
brought a new scale to human civilization - in agriculture, industry and domestic life. | |
大幅提升了农业,工业,畜牧业的规模 | |
Mechanization meant superior harvests and more food, mass produced goods, | |
机械化导致更好的收成,更多的食物,商品可以大批量生产 | |
cheaper and faster travel and communication, and usually a better quality of life. | |
旅行和通讯变得更便宜更快,生活质量变得更好. | |
And computing technology is doing the same right now | |
计算机和工业革命有一样的影响 | |
- from automated farming and medical equipment, | |
从自动化农业和医疗设备 | |
to global telecommunications and educational opportunities, | |
到全球通信和教育机会 | |
and new frontiers like Virtual Reality and Self Driving Cars. | |
还有 虚拟现实 和 无人驾驶汽车 等新领域 | |
We are living in a time likely to be remembered as the Electronic Age. | |
现在这个时代很可能会被后人总结成 "信息时代" | |
And with billions of transistors in just your smartphones, computers can seem pretty complicated, | |
你的智能手机中有数十亿个晶体管,看起来好像很复杂 | |
but really, they're just simple machines | |
但实际上它是很简单的机器 | |
that perform complex actions through many layers of abstraction. | |
通过一层层的抽象 来做出复杂操作 | |
So in this series, we're going break down those layers, | |
在这个系列中,我们会一层层讲解, | |
and build up from simple 1's and 0's, to logic units, CPUs, | |
从最底层的1和0,到逻辑门,CPU | |
operating systems, the entire internet and beyond. | |
操作系统,整个互联网,以及更多~~ | |
And don't worry, in the same way someone buying t-shirts on a webpage | |
不用担心,正如在网上买T恤的人 不用知道网站代码是怎么写的 | |
doesn't need to know how that webpage was programmed, | |
不用担心,正如在网上买T恤的人 不用知道网站代码是怎么写的 | |
or the web designer doesn't need to know how all the packets are routed, | |
设计师不用知道数据包是怎么传输的 | |
or router engineers don't need to know about transistor logic, | |
设计路由器的工程师不用理解晶体管的逻辑 | |
this series will build on previous episodes but not be dependent on them. | |
本系列中每个视频会接着上集继续讲,但并不依赖前面的视频 | |
By the end of this series, | |
等这个系列结束后 | |
I hope that you can better contextualize computing's role both in your own life and society, | |
希望你能了解计算机在你的人生 以及社会中扮演什么角色 | |
and how humanity's (arguably) greatest invention is just in its infancy, | |
以及这个人类史上最伟大的发明(可以这样说啦)是怎么开始的, | |
with its biggest impacts yet to come. | |
它对未来还会有更大的影响 | |
But before we get into all that, we should start at computing's origins, | |
但深入之前,我们应该从计算的起源讲起, | |
because although electronic computers are relatively new, the need for computation is not. | |
虽然电子计算机才出现不久,但人类对计算的需求早就有了 | |
The earliest recognized device for computing was the abacus, | |
公认最早的计算设备是 算盘 | |
invented in Mesopotamia around 2500 BCE. | |
发明于"美索不达米亚",大约公元前 2500 年 | |
It's essentially a hand operated calculator, | |
它是手动计算器,用来帮助加减数字 | |
that helps add and subtract many numbers. | |
它是手动计算器,用来帮助加减数字 | |
It also stores the current state of the computation, much like your hard drive does today. | |
它存储着当前的计算状态,类似于如今的硬盘 | |
The abacus was created because, | |
人们制造算盘是因为 | |
the scale of society had become greater than | |
社会的规模已经超出个人心算的能力 | |
what a single person could keep and manipulate in their mind. | |
社会的规模已经超出个人心算的能力 | |
There might be thousands of people in a village or tens of thousands of cattle. | |
一个村庄可能有上千个人和上万头牛 | |
There are many variants of the abacus, | |
算盘有很多变种 | |
but let's look at a really basic version with each row representing a different power of ten. | |
但我们来看一个基础版,每行代表 10 的不同次方 | |
So each bead on the bottom row represents a single unit, | |
最底下那行,一个珠子代表 10 的 0 次方,也就是 1, | |
in the next row they represent 10, the row above 100, and so on. | |
再上面一行是 10 的 1 次方(也就是 10) \N 再上面一行是 10 的 2 次方 (以此类推) | |
Let's say we have 3 heads of cattle represented by 3 beads on the bottom row on the right side. | |
假设最底部的 3 颗珠子,代表 3 头牛 | |
If we were to buy 4 more cattle we would just slide 4 more beads to the right for a total of 7. | |
假设再买 4 头牛,只需要向右移动 4 颗珠子,共 7 个珠子 | |
But if we were to add 5 more after the first 3 we would run out of beads, | |
但如果再买 5 头,珠子就不够用了 | |
so we would slide everything back to the left, | |
所以把所有珠子移回左边 | |
slide one bead on the second row to the right, representing ten, | |
在第二排把 1 颗珠子向右移动,代表 10 | |
and then add the final 2 beads on the bottom row for a total of 12. | |
然后最底下那行,向右移动 2 颗珠子,代表 12 | |
This is particularly useful with large numbers. | |
这种方法处理大数字很有效 | |
So if we were to add 1,251 | |
假设要表示 1251 | |
we would just add 1 to the bottom row, 5 to the second row, 2 to the third row, and 1 to the fourth row | |
从下往上:\N第一行移 1 个,第二行移 5 个\N第三行移 2 个,第四行移 1 个 | |
- we don't have to add in our head and the abacus stores the total for us. | |
我们不用记在脑子里,算盘会记住. | |
Over the next 4000 years, humans developed all sorts of clever computing devices, | |
在接下来 4000 年,人类发明了各种巧妙的计算设备 | |
like the astrolabe, which enabled ships to calculate their latitude at sea. | |
比如星盘,让船只可以在海上计算纬度 | |
Or the slide rule, for assisting with multiplication and division. | |
或计算尺,帮助计算乘法和除法 | |
And there are literally hundred of types of clocks created | |
人们还创造了上百种时钟 | |
that could be used to calculate sunrise, tides, positions of celestial bodies, and even just the time. | |
算日出,潮汐,天体的位置,或纯粹拿来计时 | |
Each one of these devices made something that was previously laborious to calculate much faster, | |
这些设备让原先很费力的事变得更快,更简单,更精确 | |
easier, and often more accurate | |
这些设备让原先很费力的事变得更快,更简单,更精确 | |
- it lowered the barrier to entry, | |
降低了门槛 | |
and at the same time, amplified our mental abilities - | |
加强了我们的能力 | |
take note, this is a theme we're going to touch on a lot in this series. | |
记笔记!(敲黑板)这个系列会多次提到这一点 | |
As early computer pioneer Charles Babbage said: | |
计算机先驱 Charles Babbage 说过: | |
"At each increase of knowledge, as well as on the contrivance of every new tool, | |
"随着知识的增长和新工具的诞生,人工劳力会越来越少" | |
human labour becomes abridged." | |
"随着知识的增长和新工具的诞生,人工劳力会越来越少" | |
However, none of these devices were called "computers". | |
然而,这些设备那时都不叫 "计算机" | |
The earliest documented use of the word "computer" is from 1613, in a book by Richard Braithwait. | |
最早使用 "计算机" 一词的文献 \N 来自 1613 年的一本书,作者 Richard Braithwait | |
And it wasn't a machine at all - it was a job title. | |
然而指的不是机器,而是一种职业 | |
Braithwait said, | |
Braithwait 说: | |
"I have read the truest computer of times, | |
"我听说过的计算者里最厉害的,能把好几天的工作量大大缩减" | |
and the best arithmetician that ever breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number". | |
"我听说过的计算者里最厉害的,能把好几天的工作量大大缩减" | |
In those days, computer was a person who did calculations, | |
那时, "Computer" 指负责计算的人 | |
sometimes with the help of machines, but often not. | |
"Computer" 偶尔会用机器帮忙,但大部分时候靠自己 | |
This job title persisted until the late 1800s, | |
这个职位一直到 1800 年代还存在 | |
when the meaning of computer started shifting to refer to devices. | |
之后 "Computer" 逐渐开始代表机器 | |
Notable among these devices was the Step Reckoner, | |
其中"步进计算器"最有名 | |
built by German polymath Gottfried Leibniz in 1694. | |
由德国博学家 戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨 建造于 1694 年 | |
Leibniz said "... it is beneath the dignity of excellent men to waste their time in calculation | |
莱布尼茨说过 "... 让优秀的人浪费时间算数简直侮辱尊严 | |
when any peasant could do the work just as accurately with the aid of a machine." | |
农民用机器能算得一样准" | |
It worked kind of like the odometer in your car, | |
"步进计算器"有点像汽车里的里程表,不断累加里程数 | |
which is really just a machine for adding up the number of miles your car has driven. | |
"步进计算器"有点像汽车里的里程表,不断累加里程数 | |
The device had a series of gears that turned; | |
它有一连串可以转动的齿轮 | |
each gear had ten teeth, to represent the digits from 0 to 9. | |
每个齿轮有十个齿,代表数字0到9 | |
Whenever a gear bypassed nine, it rotated back to 0 and advanced the adjacent gear by one tooth. | |
每当一个齿轮转过 9,它会转回 0,同时让旁边的齿轮前进 1 个齿 | |
Kind of like when hitting 10 on that basic abacus. | |
就像算盘超过 10 一样. | |
This worked in reverse when doing subtraction, too. | |
做减法时,机器会反向运作. | |
With some clever mechanical tricks, | |
利用一些巧妙的机械结构 | |
the Step Reckoner was also able to multiply and divide numbers. | |
步进计算器也能做乘法和除法 | |
Multiplications and divisions are really just many additions and subtractions. | |
乘法和除法 实际上只是多个加法和减法 | |
For example, if we want to divide 17 by 5, we just subtract 5, then 5, then 5 again, | |
举例,17除以5,我们只要减5,减5,再减5 | |
and then we can't subtract any more 5's… so we know 5 goes into 17 three times, with 2 left over. | |
直到不能再减 5,就知道了 17=5x3+2 | |
The Step Reckoner was able to do this in an automated way, | |
步进计算器 可以自动完成这种操作 | |
and was the first machine that could do all four of these operations. | |
它是第一台能做"加减乘除"全部四种运算的机器 | |
And this design was so successful it was used for the next three centuries of calculator design. | |
它的设计非常成功,以至于沿用了 3 个世纪. | |
Unfortunately, even with mechanical calculators, | |
不幸的是,即使有机械计算器 | |
most real world problems required many steps of computation before an answer was determined. | |
许多现实问题 依然需要很多步 | |
It could take hours or days to generate a single result. | |
算一个结果可能要几小时甚至几天 | |
Also, these hand-crafted machines were expensive, and not accessible to most of the population. | |
而且这些手工制作的机器非常昂贵,大部分人买不起 | |
So, before 20th century, | |
所以在 20 世纪以前 | |
most people experienced computing through pre-computed tables | |
大部分人会用预先算好的计算表 | |
assembled by those amazing "human computers" we talked about. | |
这些计算表由之前说的 "人力计算器" 编撰 | |
So if you needed to know the square root of 8 million 6 hundred and 75 thousand 3 hundred and 9, | |
如果你想知道 867,5309 的平方根 | |
instead of spending all day hand-cranking your step reckoner, | |
与其花一整天来手摇 "步进计算器" | |
you could look it up in a huge book full of square root tables in a minute or so. | |
你可以花一分钟在表里找答案 | |
Speed and accuracy is particularly important on the battlefield, | |
速度和准确性在战场上尤为重要 | |
and so militaries were among the first to apply computing to complex problems. | |
因此军队很早就开始用计算解决复杂问题 | |
A particularly difficult problem is accurately firing artillery shells, | |
如何精确瞄准炮弹是一个很难的问题 | |
which by the 1800s could travel well over a kilometer (or a bit more than half a mile). | |
19世纪,这些炮弹的射程可以达到 1 公里以上(比半英里多一点) | |
Add to this varying wind conditions, temperature, and atmospheric pressure, | |
因为风力,温度,大气压力会不断变化 | |
and even hitting something as large as a ship was difficult. | |
想打中船一样大的物体也非常困难 | |
Range Tables were created that allowed gunners to look up environmental conditions | |
于是出现了射程表,炮手可以查环境条件和射击距离 | |
and the distance they wanted to fire, | |
于是出现了射程表,炮手可以查环境条件和射击距离 | |
and the table would tell them the angle to set the canon. | |
然后这张表会告诉他们,角度要设成多少 | |
These Range Tables worked so well, they were used well into World War Two. | |
这些射程表很管用,二战中被广泛应用 | |
The problem was, if you changed the design of the cannon or of the shell, | |
问题是如果改了大炮或炮弹的设计,就要算一张新表 | |
a whole new table had to be computed, | |
问题是如果改了大炮或炮弹的设计,就要算一张新表 | |
which was massively time consuming and inevitably led to errors. | |
这样很耗时而且会出错 | |
Charles Babbage acknowledged this problem in 1822 | |
Charles Babbage 在 1822 年写了一篇论文 | |
in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society entitled: | |
向皇家天文学会指出了这个问题 | |
"Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables". | |
标题叫: "机械在天文与计算表中的应用" | |
Let's go to the thought bubble. | |
让我们进入思想泡泡 | |
Charles Babbage proposed a new mechanical device called the Difference Engine, | |
Charles Babbage 提出了一种新型机械装置叫 "差分机" | |
a much more complex machine that could approximate polynomials. | |
一个更复杂的机器,能近似多项式. | |
Polynomials describe the relationship between several variables | |
多项式描述了几个变量之间的关系 | |
- like range and air pressure, or amount of pizza Carrie Anne eats and happiness. | |
比如射程和大气压力,或者 Carrie Anne 要吃多少披萨才开心 | |
Polynomials could also be used to approximate logarithmic and trigonometric functions, | |
多项式也可以用于近似对数和三角函数 | |
which are a real hassle to calculate by hand. | |
这些函数手算相当麻烦 | |
Babbage started construction in 1823, | |
Charles Babbage 在 1823 年开始建造差分机 | |
and over the next two decades, tried to fabricate and assemble the 25,000 components, | |
并在接下来二十年,试图制造和组装 25,000 个零件 | |
collectively weighing around 15 tons. | |
总重接近 15 吨 | |
Unfortunately, the project was ultimately abandoned. | |
不幸的是,该项目最终放弃了 | |
But, in 1991, | |
但在 1991 年 | |
historians finished constructing a Difference Engine based on Babbage's drawings and writings | |
历史学家根据 Charles Babbage 的草稿做了一个差分机 | |
- and it worked! | |
而且它还管用! | |
But more importantly, during construction of the Difference Engine, | |
但更重要的是,在差分机的建造期间 | |
Babbage imagined an even more complex machine - the Analytical Engine. | |
Charles Babbage 构想了一个更复杂的机器 - 分析机 | |
Unlike the Difference Engine, | |
不像差分机,步进计算器 和以前的其他计算设备 | |
Step Reckoner and all other computational devices before it | |
不像差分机,步进计算器 和以前的其他计算设备 | |
- the Analytical Engine was a "general purpose computer". | |
分析机是 "通用计算机" | |
It could be used for many things, not just one particular computation; | |
它可以做很多事情,不只是一种特定运算 | |
it could be given data and run operations in sequence; | |
甚至可以给它数据,然后按顺序执行一系列操作 | |
it had memory and even a primitive printer. | |
它有内存 甚至一个很原始的打印机 | |
Like the Difference Engine, it was ahead of its time, and was never fully constructed. | |
就像差分机,这台机器太超前了,所以没有建成 | |
However, the idea of an "automatic computer" | |
然而,这种 "自动计算机" 的概念 | |
- one that could guide itself through a series of operations automatically, | |
-计算机可以自动完成一系列操作 | |
was a huge deal, and would foreshadow computer programs. | |
是个跨时代的概念,预示着计算机程序的诞生 | |
English mathematician Ada Lovelace wrote hypothetical programs for the Analytical Engine, saying, | |
英国数学家 Ada Lovelace 给分析机写了假想的程序,她说: | |
"A new, a vast, and a powerful language is developed for the future use of analysis." | |
"未来会诞生一门全新的,强大的,专为分析所用的语言" | |
For her work, Ada is often considered the world's first programmer. | |
因此 Ada 被认为是世上第一位程序员. | |
The Analytical Engine would inspire, arguably, the first generation of computer scientists, | |
分析机激励了(可以这么讲)第一代计算机科学家 | |
who incorporated many of Babbage's ideas in their machines. | |
这些计算机科学家 \N 把很多 Charles Babbage 的点子融入到他们的机器 | |
This is why Babbage is often considered the "father of computing". | |
所以 Charles Babbage 经常被认为是 "计算之父" | |
Thanks! Thought Bubble | |
谢啦!思想泡泡 | |
So by the end of the 19th century, | |
到了 19 世纪末 | |
computing devices were used for special purpose tasks in the sciences and engineering, | |
科学和工程领域中的特定任务 会用上计算设备 | |
but rarely seen in business, government or domestic life. | |
但公司,政府,家庭中很少见到计算设备 | |
However, the US government faced a serious problem for its 1890 census | |
然而,美国政府在 1890 年的人口普查中面临着严重的问题 | |
that demanded the kind of efficiency that only computers could provide. | |
只有计算机能提供所需的效率 | |
The US Constitution requires that a census be conducted every ten years, | |
美国宪法要求 10 年进行一次人口普查 | |
for the purposes of distributing federal funds, representation in congress, and good stuff like that. | |
目的是分配联邦资金,国会代表,等等 | |
And by 1880s, the US population was booming, mostly due to immigration. | |
到 1880 年代,美国人口迅速增长,大部分因为移民 | |
That census took seven years to manually compile | |
人口普查要七年时间来手工编制,等做完都过时了 | |
and by the time it was completed, it was already out of date | |
人口普查要七年时间来手工编制,等做完都过时了 | |
- and it was predicted that the 1890 census would take 13 years to compute. | |
而且 1890 年的人口普查,预计要 13 年完成 | |
That's a little problematic when it's required every decade! | |
但人口普查可是 10 年一次啊! | |
The Census bureau turned to Herman Hollerith, who had built a tabulating machine. | |
人口普查局找了 Herman Hollerith,他发明了打孔卡片制表机 | |
His machine was "electro-mechanical" | |
他的机器是 "电动机械的" | |
- it used traditional mechanical systems for keeping count, | |
- 用传统机械来计数 | |
like Leibniz's Step Reckoner - but coupled them with electrically-powered components. | |
结构类似莱布尼茨的乘法器,但用电动结构连接其他组件 | |
Hollerith's machine used punch cards | |
Hollerith 的机器用打孔卡 | |
which were paper cards with a grid of locations that can be punched out to represent data. | |
一种纸卡,上面有网格,用打孔来表示数据. | |
For example, there was a series of holes for marital status. | |
举个例子,有一连串孔代表婚姻状况 | |
If you were married, you would punch out the married spot, | |
如果你结婚了,就在 "结婚" 的位置打孔 | |
then when the card was inserted into Hollerith's machine, little metal pins would come down over the card | |
当卡插入 Hollerith 的机器时,小金属针会到卡片上 | |
- if a spot was punched out, the pin would pass through the hole in the paper | |
-如果有个地方打孔了,针会穿过孔 | |
and into a little vial of mercury, which completed the circuit. | |
泡入一小瓶汞,联通电路 | |
This now completed circuit powered an electric motor, | |
电路会驱动电机 | |
which turned a gear to add one, in this case, to the "married" total. | |
然后给 "已婚" 的齿轮 + 1 | |
Hollerith's machine was roughly 10x faster than manual tabulations, | |
Hollerith 的机器速度是手动的 10 倍左右 | |
and the Census was completed in just two and a half years | |
使人口普查在短短两年半内完成 | |
- saving the census office millions of dollars. | |
给人口普查办公室省了上百万美元 | |
Businesses began recognizing the value of computing, | |
企业开始意识到计算机的价值 | |
and saw its potential to boost profits by improving labor- and data-intensive tasks, | |
可以提升劳动力以及数据密集型任务 来提升利润 | |
like accounting, insurance appraisals, and inventory management. | |
比如会计,保险评估和库存管理等行业 | |
To meet this demand, Hollerith founded The Tabulating Machine Company, | |
为了满足这一需求,Hollerith 成立了制表机器公司 | |
which later merged with other machine makers in 1924 | |
这家公司后来在 1924 年与其它机械制造商合并 | |
to become The International Business Machines Corporation or IBM | |
成为了 "国际商业机器公司",简称 IBM | |
- which you've probably heard of. | |
-你可能听过 IBM | |
These electro-mechanical "business machines" were a huge success, transforming commerce and government, | |
这些电子机械的 "商业机器" 取得了巨大成功,改变了商业和政府. | |
and by the mid-1900s, the explosion in world population and the rise of globalized trade | |
到了 1900 年代中叶,世界人口的爆炸和全球贸易的兴起 | |
demanded even faster and more flexible tools for processing data, | |
要求更快,更灵活的工具来处理数据 | |
setting the stage for digital computers, | |
为电子计算机的发展奠定了基础 | |
which we'll talk about next week. | |
我们下周讨论 |
CCS计算机科学导论 01计算机早期历史Early Computing
于 2022-10-13 19:42:48 首次发布