tarfile.ReadError: not a gzip file / download_20newsgroups 数据集失败

改进方法：

将
dataset = fetch_20newsgroups(categories=categories)
改为：
dataset = _fetch_20newsgroups(categories=categories)

并添加方法：

import shutil

import matplotlib as mpl
from sklearn.datasets.twenty_newsgroups import strip_newsgroup_header, strip_newsgroup_footer, strip_newsgroup_quoting
from sklearn.utils import check_random_state

mpl.use('Agg')
import os
import pickle
import codecs
import math
import networkx as nx
import pickle as pkl
import numpy as np
from itertools import product
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups, load_files
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
from sklearn.neighbors import kneighbors_graph
from sklearn.manifold import TSNE
from tqdm import tqdm
import tarfile

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

TRAIN_FOLDER = "20news-bydate-train"
TEST_FOLDER = "20news-bydate-test"
batch_size = 32

categories = ['comp.graphics', 'rec.sport.baseball', 'talk.politics.guns']

def download_20newsgroups(target_dir):
    """Download the 20 newsgroups data and stored it as a zipped pickle."""
    train_path = os.path.join(target_dir, TRAIN_FOLDER)
    test_path = os.path.join(target_dir, TEST_FOLDER)

    if not os.path.exists(target_dir):
        os.makedirs(target_dir)

    archive_path = "./data/20news-bydate.tar.gz"

    tarfile.open(archive_path, "r:gz").extractall(path=target_dir)

    # Store a zipped pickle
    cache = dict(train=load_files(train_path, encoding='latin1'),
                 test=load_files(test_path, encoding='latin1'))

    shutil.rmtree(target_dir)
    return cache

def _fetch_20newsgroups(data_home=None, subset='train', categories=None,
                       shuffle=True, random_state=42,
                       remove=(),
                       download_if_missing=True):

    twenty_home = os.path.join("./", "20news_home")
    cache = download_20newsgroups(target_dir=twenty_home)

    if subset in ('train', 'test'):
        data = cache[subset]
    elif subset == 'all':
        data_lst = list()
        target = list()
        filenames = list()
        for subset in ('train', 'test'):
            data = cache[subset]
            data_lst.extend(data.data)
            target.extend(data.target)
            filenames.extend(data.filenames)

        data.data = data_lst
        data.target = np.array(target)
        data.filenames = np.array(filenames)
    else:
        raise ValueError(
            "subset can only be 'train', 'test' or 'all', got '%s'" % subset)

    data.description = 'the 20 newsgroups by date dataset'

    if 'headers' in remove:
        data.data = [strip_newsgroup_header(text) for text in data.data]
    if 'footers' in remove:
        data.data = [strip_newsgroup_footer(text) for text in data.data]
    if 'quotes' in remove:
        data.data = [strip_newsgroup_quoting(text) for text in data.data]

    if categories is not None:
        labels = [(data.target_names.index(cat), cat) for cat in categories]
        # Sort the categories to have the ordering of the labels
        labels.sort()
        labels, categories = zip(*labels)
        mask = np.in1d(data.target, labels)
        data.filenames = data.filenames[mask]
        data.target = data.target[mask]
        # searchsorted to have continuous labels
        data.target = np.searchsorted(labels, data.target)
        data.target_names = list(categories)
        # Use an object array to shuffle: avoids memory copy
        data_lst = np.array(data.data, dtype=object)
        data_lst = data_lst[mask]
        data.data = data_lst.tolist()

    if shuffle:
        random_state = check_random_state(random_state)
        indices = np.arange(data.target.shape[0])
        random_state.shuffle(indices)
        data.filenames = data.filenames[indices]
        data.target = data.target[indices]
        # Use an object array to shuffle: avoids memory copy
        data_lst = np.array(data.data, dtype=object)
        data_lst = data_lst[indices]
        data.data = data_lst.tolist()

    return data