Argument 和 Parameter 的差别

一直认为 Argument 和 Parameter 指的是同一个东西，但最近接触到一些文档里老是提到 argument 和 parameter， 明显能感受这两个词的含义不同。Google 了一下，还真不一样。

1. ANSI/ISO   C++   Professional   Programmer's   Handbook
The words arguments and parameters are often used interchangeably in the literature, although the Standard makes a clear distinction between the two. The distinction is chiefly important when discussing functions and templates. 
Argument 
An argument is one of the following: an expression in the comma-separated list that is bound by the parentheses in a function call; a sequence of one or more preprocessor tokens in the comma-separated list that is bound by the parentheses in a function-like macro invocation; the operand of a throw-statement or an expression, type, or template-name in the comma-separated list that is bound by the angle brackets in a template instantiation. An argument is also called an actual parameter. 
Parameter 
A parameter is one of the following: an object or reference that is declared in a function declaration or definition (or in the catch clause of an exception handler); an identifier from the comma-separated list that is bound by the parentheses immediately following the macro name in a definition of a function-like macro; or a template-parameter. A parameter is also called a formal parameter. 
The following example demonstrates the difference between a parameter and an argument: 

void func(int n, char * pc); //n and pc are parameters 
template <class T> class A {}; //T is a a parameter 
int main() 
{ 
	char c; 
	char *p = &c; 
	func(5, p); //5 and p are arguments 
	A<long> a; //'long' is an argument 
	A<char> another_a; //'char' is an argument 
	return 0; 
} 

2. Wikipedia（http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_%28computer_programming%29）
These two terms are sometimes loosely used interchangeably; in particular, "argument" is sometimes used in place of "parameter". Nevertheless, there is a difference. Parameters appear in procedure definitions; arguments appear in procedure calls. Loosely, a parameter is a type, and an argument is an instance.
A parameter is an intrinsic property of the procedure, included in its definition. For example, in many languages, a procedure to add two supplied integers together and calculate the sum would need two parameters, one for each integer. In general, a procedure may be defined with any number of parameters, or no parameters at all. If a procedure has parameters, the part of its definition that specifies the parameters is called its parameter list.
By contrast, the arguments are the values supplied to the procedure when it is called. Unlike the parameters, which form an unchanging part of the procedure's definition, the arguments may vary from call to call. Each time a procedure is called, the part of the procedure call that specifies the arguments is called the argument list.