字符串
大小写方法：
title()：以首字母大写的方式显示每个单词，即将每个单词的首字母都改为大写。
例如，你可能希望程序将值 Ada 、 ADA 和 ada 视为同一个名字，并将它们都显示为 Ada 。
name = "ada lovelace"
print(name.title())
upper()与lower()：将字符串改为全部大写或全部小写。
name = "Ada Lovelace"
print(name.upper())
print(name.lower())
合并（拼接）字符串:
first_name = "ada"
last_name = "lovelace"
full_name = first_name + " " +last_name
message = "Hello, " +full_name.title() + "!"
print(message)
删除空白
>>> favorite_language = ' python '
>>> favorite_language.rstrip()
' python'
>>> favorite_language.lstrip()
'python '
>>> favorite_language.strip()
'python'
使用函数str()转换为字符串类型
age = 23
message = "Happy " + str(age) +"rd Birthday!"
print(message)
方法 split() 以空格为分隔符将字符串分拆成多个部分，并将这些部分都存储到一个列表中。
方法 count() 来确定特定的单词或短语在字符串中出现了多少次。
>>> line = "Row, row, row your boat"
>>> line.count('row')
2
>>> line.lower().count('row')
3
replace() 将字符串中的特定单词都替换为另一个单词。
>>> message = "I really like dogs."
>>> message.replace('dog', 'cat')
'I really like cats.'
列表
在列表中添加元素
1. 在列表末尾添加元素
motorcycles =['honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki']
print(motorcycles)
motorcycles.append('ducati')
print(motorcycles)
2. 在列表中插入元素
motorcycles =['honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki']
motorcycles.insert(0,'ducati')
print(motorcycles)
在列表中删除元素
1. 使用 del 语句删除元素
motorcycles = ['honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki']
print(motorcycles)
del motorcycles[0]
print(motorcycles)
2. 使用方法 pop() 删除元素（方法 pop() 可删除列表末尾的元素和弹出列表中任何位置处的元素）
motorcycles =['honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki']
print(motorcycles)
popped_motorcycle = motorcycles.pop()
print(motorcycles)
print(popped_motorcycle)
motorcycles = ['honda','yamaha', 'suzuki']
first_owned =motorcycles.pop(0)
print('The firstmotorcycle I owned was a ' + first_owned.title() + '.')
3. 根据值删除元素
motorcycles =['honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki', 'ducati']
print(motorcycles)
too_expensive ='ducati'
motorcycles.remove(too_expensive)
print(motorcycles)
print("\nA " + too_expensive.title() + " istoo expensive for me.")
组织列表
1． 使用方法 sort() 对列表进行永久性排序
cars = ['bmw', 'audi', 'toyota', 'subaru']
cars.sort(reverse=True)
print(cars)
2． 使用函数 sorted()对列表进行临时排序
cars = ['bmw','audi', 'toyota', 'subaru']
print("Hereis the original list:")
print(cars)
print("\nHereis the sorted list:")
print(sorted(cars))
print("\nHereis the original list again:")
print(cars)
3. 倒着打印列表
cars = ['bmw','audi', 'toyota', 'subaru']
print(cars)
cars.reverse()
print(cars)
4. 确定列表的长度
>>> cars = ['bmw', 'audi', 'toyota', 'subaru']
>>> len(cars)
4
操作列表
遍历整个列表
magicians = ['alice', 'david', 'carolina']
for magician in magicians:
print(magician.title()+ ", that was a great trick!")
print("Ican't wait to see your next trick, " + magician.title() + ".\n")
print("Thank you, everyone. That was agreat magic show!")
创建数值列表
1 使用函数 range()
for value in range(1,5):
print(value)
2 使用 range() 创建数字列表
numbers = list(range(1,6))
print(numbers)
even_numbers = list(range(2,11,2))
print(even_numbers)
输出如下：
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
对数字列表执行简单的统计计算
>>> digits = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
>>> min(digits)
0
>>> max(digits)
9
>>> sum(digits)
45
列表解析
squares = []
for value in range(1,11):
squares.append(value**2)
print(squares)
squares = [value**2 for value inrange(1,11)]
print(squares)
遍历切片
players = ['charles', 'martina', 'michael','florence', 'eli']
print("Here are the first threeplayers on my team:")
for player in players[:3]:
print(player.title())
复制列表
my_foods = ['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrotcake']
friend_foods = my_foods[:]#副本
#friend_foods = my_foods 这里将 my_foods 赋给friend_foods ，而不是将 my_foods 的副#本存储到 friend_foods,实际上，它们指向同一个列表，一个改变，另一个也改变
print("My favorite foods are:")
print(my_foods)
print("\nMy friend's favorite foodsare:")
print(friend_foods)
元组（不可变的列表）
dimensions = (200, 50)
print(dimensions[0])
print(dimensions[1])
dimensions[0] = 250会报错：
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "dimensions.py", line 3, in<module>
dimensions[0] = 250
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not supportitem assignment
修改元组变量
虽然不能修改元组的元素，但可以给存储元组的变量赋值，即重新定义整个元组。
dimensions = (200, 50)
print("Original dimensions:")
for dimension in dimensions:
print(dimension)
dimensions = (400, 100)
print("\nModified dimensions:")
for dimension in dimensions:
print(dimension)
相比于列表，元组是更简单的数据结构。如果需要存储的一组值在程序的整个生命周期内都
不变，可使用元组。
字典
创建字典
alien_0 = {}
alien_0['color'] = 'green'
alien_0['points'] = 5
修改字典中的值
alien_0 = {'color': 'green'}
print("The alien is " +alien_0['color'] + ".")
alien_0['color'] = 'yellow'
print("The alien is now " +alien_0['color'] + ".")
删除键值对
alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
print(alien_0)
del alien_0['points']
print(alien_0)
遍历字典
1 遍历所有的键 — — 值对
favorite_languages = {
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
for name, language infavorite_languages.items():
print(name.title()+ "'s favorite language is " +language.title() + ".")
2 遍历字典中的所有键
favorite_languages = {
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
for name in favorite_languages.keys():
print(name.title())
按顺序遍历字典中的所有键
favorite_languages = {
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
for name insorted(favorite_languages.keys()):
print(name.title()+ ", thank you for taking the poll.")
遍历字典中的所有值
favorite_languages = {
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
print("The following languages havebeen mentioned:")
for language inset(favorite_languages.values()):#对包含重复元素的列表调用 set() ，可让#Python找出列表中独一无二的元素
print(language.title())
嵌套
字典列表
# 创建一个用于存储外星人的空列表
aliens = []
# 创建30个绿色的外星人
for alien_number in range (0,30):
new_alien = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5,'speed': 'slow'}
aliens.append(new_alien)
for alien in aliens[0:3]:
ifalien['color'] == 'green':
alien['color'] = 'yellow'
alien['speed'] = 'medium'
alien['points'] = 10
# 显示前五个外星人
for alien in aliens[0:5]:
print(alien)
print("...")
在字典中存储列表
# 存储所点比萨的信息
pizza = {
'crust': 'thick',
'toppings': ['mushrooms', 'extra cheese'],
}
# 概述所点的比萨
print("You ordered a " + pizza['crust']+ "-crust pizza " +"with the following toppings:")
for topping in pizza['toppings']:
print("\t"+ topping)
favorite_languages = {
'jen': ['python', 'ruby'],
'sarah': ['c'],
'edward': ['ruby', 'go'],
'phil': ['python', 'haskell'],
}
for name, languages infavorite_languages.items():
print("\n"+ name.title() + "'s favorite languages are:")
forlanguage in languages:
print("\t" + language.title())
3 在字典中存储字典
users = {
'aeinstein': {
'first': 'albert',
'last': 'einstein',
'location': 'princeton',
},
'mcurie': {
'first': 'marie',
'last': 'curie',
'location': 'paris',
},
}
for username, user_info in users.items():
print("\nUsername:" + username)
full_name =user_info['first'] + " " + user_info['last']
location =user_info['location']
print("\tFullname: " + full_name.title())
print("\tLocation:" + location.title())
用户输入
height = input("How tall are you, ininches? ")
height = int(height)
if height >= 36:
print("\nYou'retall enough to ride!")
else:
print("\nYou'llbe able to ride when you're a little older.")
responses = {}
# 设置一个标志，指出调查是否继续
polling_active = True
while polling_active:
# 提示输入被调查者的名字和回答
name = input("\nWhat is your name?")
response =input("Which mountain would you like to climb someday? ")
# 将答卷存储在字典中
responses[name] = response
# 看看是否还有人要参与调查
repeat = input("Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no)")
if repeat =='no':
polling_active = False
# 调查结束，显示结果
print("\n--- Poll Results ---")
for name, response in responses.items():
print(name +" would like to climb " + response + ".")
函数
结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参
def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
"""概述要制作的比萨"""
print("\nMakinga " + str(size) +"-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
for topping intoppings:
print("- " + topping)
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'greenpeppers', 'extra cheese')
基于上述函数定义，Python将收到的第一个值存储在形参 size 中，并将其他的所有值都存储在元组 toppings 中。在函数调用中，首先指定表示比萨尺寸的实参，然后根据需要指定任意数量的配料。
使用任意数量的关键字实参
def build_profile(first, last,**user_info):
"""创建一个字典，其中包含我们知道的有关用户的一切"""
profile = {}
profile['first_name']= first
profile['last_name']= last
forkey, value in user_info.items():
profile[key] = value
return profile
user_profile = build_profile('albert','einstein',location='princeton',field='physics')
print(user_profile)
函数 build_profile() 的定义要求提供名和姓，同时允许用户根据需要提供任意数量的名称—值对。形参 **user_info 中的两个星号让Python创建一个名为 user_info 的空字典，并将收到的所有名称— 值对都封装到这个字典中。我们调用 build_profile() ，向它传递名（ 'albert' ）、姓（ 'einstein' ）和两个键值对（ location='princeton' 和 field='physics' ），并将返回的 profile 存储在变量 user_profile 中，再打印这个变量：
{'first_name': 'albert', 'last_name':'einstein',
'location': 'princeton', 'field': 'physics'}
文件和异常
1 从文件中读取数据
with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
contents =file_object.read()
print(contents.rstrip())
第一次打印时读取整个文件；
2 逐行读取
filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
for line infile_object:
print(line.rstrip())
第二次打印时遍历文件对象；
3创建一个包含文件各行内容的列表
filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
lines= file_object.readlines()
for line in lines:
print(line.rstrip())
方法 readlines() 从文件中读取每一行，并将其存储在一个列表中；接下来，该列表被
存储到变量 lines 中；在 with 代码块外，我们依然可以使用这个变量。
第三次打印时将各行存储在一个列表中，再在 with 代码块外打印它们。
4. 使用文件的内容
filename = 'pi_30_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
lines =file_object.readlines()
pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
pi_string +=line.strip()
print(pi_string)
print(len(pi_string))
写入文件
filename = 'programming.txt'
with open(filename, 'a') as file_object:
file_object.write("Ialso love finding meaning in large datasets.\n")
file_object.write("Ilove creating apps that can run in a browser.\n")
分析文本
filename = 'alice.txt'
try:
with open(filename)as f_obj:
contents = f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
msg ="Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist."
print(msg)
else:
# 计算文件大致包含多少个单词
words = contents.split()
num_words = len(words)
print("The file " + filename +" has about " + str(num_words) + " words.")
方法 split() 以空格为分隔符将字符串分拆成多个部分，并将这些部分都存储到一个列表中。
结果是一个包含字符串中所有单词的列表，虽然有些单词可能包含标点。
使用多个文件
def count_words(filename):
"""计算一个文件大致包含多少个单词"""
try:
withopen(filename) as f_obj:
contents = f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
msg ="Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist."
print(msg)
else:
# 计算文件大致包含多少个单词
words =contents.split()
num_words =len(words)
print("Thefile " + filename + " has about " + str(num_words) +"words.")
filename = 'alice.txt'
count_words(filename)
filenames = ['alice.txt', 'siddhartha.txt','moby_dick.txt', 'little_women.txt']
for filename in filenames:
count_words(filename)
存储数据
1 使用 json.dump() 和 json.load()
import json
numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
filename = 'numbers.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
json.dump(numbers, f_obj)
函数 json.dump() 接受两个实参：要存储的数据以及可用于存储数据的文件对象。先导入模块 json ，再创建一个数字列表。我们指定了要将该数字列表存储到其中的文件的名称。通常使用文件扩展名.json来指出文件存储的数据为JSON格式。接下来，我们以写入模式打开这个文件，让 json 能够将数据写入其中。我们使用函数 json.dump()将数字列表存储到文件numbers.json中。
打开文件文件numbers.json，看看其内容。数据的存储格式与Python中一样：
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
使用 json.load() 将这个列表读取到内存中：
import json
filename = 'numbers.json'
with open(filename) as f_obj:
numbers = json.load(f_obj)
print(numbers)
这是一种在程序之间共享数据的简单方式
remember_me.py
import json
# 如果以前存储了用户名，就加载它
# 否则，就提示用户输入用户名并存储它
filename = 'username.json'
try:
with open(filename) as f_obj:
username = json.load(f_obj)
except FileNotFoundError:
username = input("What is your name? ")
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
json.dump(username, f_obj)
print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username+ "!")
else:
print("Welcomeback, " + username + "!")
重构
重构remember_me.py
import json
def greet_user():
"""问候用户，并指出其名字"""
filename = 'username.json'
try:
withopen(filename) as f_obj:
username = json.load(f_obj)
except FileNotFoundError:
username =input("What is your name? ")
withopen(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
json.dump(username, f_obj)
print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username+ "!")
else:
print("Welcomeback, " + username + "!")
greet_user()
重构 greet_user() ，让它不执行这么多任务。
import json
def get_stored_username():
"""如果存储了用户名，就获取它"""
filename = 'username.json'
try:
withopen(filename) as f_obj:
username = json.load(f_obj)
except FileNotFoundError:
return None
else:
return username
def greet_user():
"""问候用户，并指出其名字"""
username = get_stored_username()
if username:
print("Welcomeback, " + username + "!")
else:
username =input("What is your name? ")
filename ='username.json'
withopen(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
json.dump(username,f_obj)
print("We'llremember you when you come back, " + username + "!")
greet_user()
将 greet_user() 中的另一个代码块提取出来：将没有存储用户名时提示用户输入的
代码放在一个独立的函数中
import json
def get_stored_username():
"""如果存储了用户名，就获取它"""
-- snip –
def get_new_username():
"""提示用户输入用户名"""
username = input("What is your name?")
filename = 'username.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
json.dump(username,f_obj)
return username
def greet_user():
"""问候用户，并指出其名字"""
username = get_stored_username()
if username:
print("Welcomeback, " + username + "!")
else:
username =get_new_username()
print("We'llremember you when you come back, " + username + "!")
greet_user()
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