如果类的构造器或者静态工厂中具有多个参数,设计这种类时,Builder模式就是中不错的选择,特别是当大多参数都是可选的时候 。与使用传统的 重叠构造器模式相比,使用Builder模式的客户端代码将更易于阅读和编写,构建器也比 JavaBeans更安全。
eg.
1,针对多参数使用重叠构造器模式(telescoping contructor)
package cn.evansung;
public class NutritionFacts {
private final int servingSize;
private final int servings;
private final int calories;
private final int fat;
private final int sodium;
private final int carbohydrate;
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings) {
this(servingSize, servings, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories) {
this(servingSize, servings, calories, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories,
int fat) {
this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories,
int fat, int sodium) {
this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, sodium, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories,
int fat, int sodium, int carbohydrate) {
this.servingSize = servingSize;
this.servings = servings;
this.calories = calories;
this.fat = fat;
this.sodium = sodium;
this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
}
}
NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts(240, 8, 100, 0, 35, 27);
重叠构造器模式可行,但是当有许多参数的时候,客户端代码会很难编写,并且仍然难以阅读。(例如一长串类型类型相同的参数会导致一些微妙的错误。如果客户端不小心颠倒了其中两个参数的顺序,编译器可能不会出错,但是程序在运行时会 出现错误的行为)
2,针对多参数使用JavaBeans模式
package cn.evansung;
public class NutritionFacts {
private int servingSize;
private int servings;
private int calories;
private int fat;
private int sodium;
private int carbohydrate;
public NutritionFacts() {}
//Setters
public void setServingSize(int val) { servingSize = val; }
public void setServings(int val) { servings = val; }
public void setCalories(int val) { calories = val; }
public void setFat(int val) { fat = val; }
public void setSodium(int val) { sodium = val; }
public void setCarbohydrate(int val) {carbohydrate = val; }
}
NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts();
cocaCola.setServingSize(240);
cocaCola.setServings(8);
cocaCola.setCalories(100);
cocaCola.setSodium(35);
cocaCola.setCarbohydrate(27);
这种模式弥补了重叠构造器模式的不足,通过调用 一个无参构造器来创建对象,然后 调用setter方法来设置每个必要的参数,以及每个相关的可选参数。但是这个模式有个严重的缺点。因为构造过程被分到了几个调用中,在构造过程中JavaBean可能处于不一致的状态。类无法仅仅通过检验构造器参数的有效性来保证一致性。试图使用处于不一致状态的对象,将会导致失败,这种失败与包含错误的代码大相径庭,因此调试起来十分困难。
3,针对多参数使用Builder模式
package cn.evansung;
public class NutritionFacts {
private final int servingSize;
private final int servings;
private final int calories;
private final int fat;
private final int sodium;
private final int carbohydrate;
public static class Builder {
//required param
private final int servingSize;
private final int servings;
//optinal param
private int calories = 0;
private int fat = 0;
private int carbohydrate = 0;
private int sodium = 0;
public Builder(int servingSize, int servings) {
this.servingSize = servingSize;
this.servings = servings;
}
public Builder calories(int val) {
calories = val;
return this;
}
public Builder fat(int val) {
fat = val;
return this;
}
public Builder sodium(int val) {
sodium = val;
return this;
}
public Builder carbohydrate(int val) {
carbohydrate = val;
return this;
}
public NutritionFacts build() {
return new NutritionFacts(this);
}
}
private NutritionFacts(Builder builder) {
servingSize = builder.servingSize;
servings = builder.servings;
calories = builder.calories;
fat = builder.fat;
sodium = builder.sodium;
carbohydrate = builder.carbohydrate;
}
}
NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts.Builder(240, 8).
calories(100).sodium(35).carbohydrate(27).build();
所有默认参数值都单独放在一个地方。builder的setter方法返回builder本身,以便可以吧调用链接起来。Builder模式十分灵活,可以利用单个builder构建多个对象。builder的参数可以在创建对象期间进行调整,也可以随着不同的对象而改变。Builder模式也有不足。为了创建对象 ,必须先创建它的构造器。虽然创建构造器的开销在实践中可能不那么明显,但是在某些十分注重性能的情况下,可能就成了问题。Builder模式比重叠构造器模式更加冗长,因此它只有在有很多参数的时候才使用,比如4个或者更多个参数。
总结,如果类的构造器或者静态工厂中具有多个参数,设计这种类时,Builder模式就是种不错的选择,特别是当大多数参数都是可选的时候。与使用传统的重叠构造器模式相比,使用Builder模式的客户端代码将更易于阅读和编写,构造器也比JavaBeans更加安全。