ThreadLocal源码分析

本篇文章将结合ThreadLocal源码深入探究ThreadLocal内部实现，期待对ThreadLocal有更透彻的了解。

类定义

先看看ThreadLocal类的定义：

package java.lang;

public class ThreadLocal<T> {
    /**
     * Creates a thread local variable.
     * @see #withInitial(java.util.function.Supplier)
     */
    public ThreadLocal() {
    }
}

set方法

ThreadLocal 的set方法如下：

public void set(T value) {
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
    if (map != null)
        map.set(this, value);
    else
        createMap(t, value);
}

getMap方法：

ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
    return t.threadLocals;
}

createMap方法：

void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
    t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}

在ThreadLocal的set方法时，首先通过ThreadLocal.getMap(Thread t)方法获取一个和当前线程相关的ThreadLocalMap，并将其赋值给ThreadLocalMap map变量，如果获取到的ThreadLocalMap对象不为空，则调用ThreadLocalMap 的set方法将value保存起来，否则通过createMap方法创建。

Thread类threadLocals 变量

在Thread 类内部有一个ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap 类型的变量 inheritableThreadLocals，如下：

package java.lang;

public class Thread implements Runnable {
    /*
     * InheritableThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is
     * maintained by the InheritableThreadLocal class.
     */
    ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap inheritableThreadLocals = null;
}

ThreadLocalMap类

ThreadLocalMap是ThreadLocal的一个静态内部类，它的结构如下：

static class ThreadLocalMap {

    static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
        /** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
        Object value;

        Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
            super(k);
            value = v;
        }
    }

    private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;

    private Entry[] table;

    private int size = 0;

    private int threshold; // Default to 0

    ...

    /**
     * Construct a new map initially containing (firstKey, firstValue).
     * ThreadLocalMaps are constructed lazily, so we only create
     * one when we have at least one entry to put in it.
     */
    ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal<?> firstKey, Object firstValue) {
        table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY];
        int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1);
        table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue);
        size = 1;
        setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
    }

    /**
     * Get the entry associated with key.  This method
     * itself handles only the fast path: a direct hit of existing
     * key. It otherwise relays to getEntryAfterMiss.  This is
     * designed to maximize performance for direct hits, in part
     * by making this method readily inlinable.
     *
     * @param  key the thread local object
     * @return the entry associated with key, or null if no such
     */
    private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
        int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
        Entry e = table[i];
        if (e != null && e.get() == key)
            return e;
        else
            return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
    }

    /**
     * Version of getEntry method for use when key is not found in
     * its direct hash slot.
     *
     * @param  key the thread local object
     * @param  i the table index for key's hash code
     * @param  e the entry at table[i]
     * @return the entry associated with key, or null if no such
     */
    private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal<?> key, int i, Entry e) {
        Entry[] tab = table;
        int len = tab.length;

        while (e != null) {
            ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
            if (k == key)
                return e;
            if (k == null)
                expungeStaleEntry(i);
            else
                i = nextIndex(i, len);
            e = tab[i];
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Set the value associated with key.
     *
     * @param key the thread local object
     * @param value the value to be set
     */
    private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {

        // We don't use a fast path as with get() because it is at
        // least as common to use set() to create new entries as
        // it is to replace existing ones, in which case, a fast
        // path would fail more often than not.

        Entry[] tab = table;
        int len = tab.length;
        int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);

        for (Entry e = tab[i];
             e != null;
             e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
            ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();

            if (k == key) {
                e.value = value;
                return;
            }

            if (k == null) {
                replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
                return;
            }
        }

        tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
        int sz = ++size;
        if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
            rehash();
    }

    /**
     * Remove the entry for key.
     */
    private void remove(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
        Entry[] tab = table;
        int len = tab.length;
        int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
        for (Entry e = tab[i];
             e != null;
             e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
            if (e.get() == key) {
                e.clear();
                expungeStaleEntry(i);
                return;
            }
        }
    }
}

get()方法

接下来再看一下ThreadLocal类中的get()方法:

public T get() {
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
    if (map != null) {
        ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
        if (e != null) {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            T result = (T)e.value;
            return result;
        }
    }
    return setInitialValue();
}

再来看setInitialValue()方法：

private T setInitialValue() {
        T value = initialValue();
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
        return value;
    }

再看看 initialValue 方法

protected T initialValue() {
        return null;
}

remove方法

最后看看ThreadLocal类中的remove()方法

/**
     * Removes the current thread's value for this thread-local
     * variable.  If this thread-local variable is subsequently
     * {@linkplain #get read} by the current thread, its value will be
     * reinitialized by invoking its {@link #initialValue} method,
     * unless its value is {@linkplain #set set} by the current thread
     * in the interim.  This may result in multiple invocations of the
     * {@code initialValue} method in the current thread.
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
     public void remove() {
         ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
         if (m != null)
             m.remove(this);
     }

总结

ThreadLocal实现线程隔离的核心，就在于ThreadLocalMap这个类。ThreadLocalMap是ThreadLocal类的一个静态内部类，它实现了键值对的设置和获取（类似HashMap），每个线程中都有一个独立的ThreadLocalMap副本，它所存储的值，只能被当前线程读取和修改。ThreadLocal类通过操作每一个线程特有的ThreadLocalMap副本，从而实现了变量访问在不同线程中的隔离。