模拟实现string类、构造、拷贝构造和析构函数、c_str、size、capacity函数、[]运算符重载 和 iterator迭代器、reserve、push_back、append、+=等介绍

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前言

模拟实现string类、构造、拷贝构造和析构函数、c_str、size、capacity函数、[]运算符重载 和 iterator迭代器、reserve、push_back、append、+=、insert、erase、find 和 substr等介绍

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一、构造、拷贝构造和析构函数

使用自己的命名空间域， 与库区分开

简单实现一个构造函数

• 无参的构造和c字符串的构造可以直接使用带缺省参数的c字符串构造合并通用。
• 拷贝构造和析构函数就正常开辟和释放空间

// String.h
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

namespace hhb
{
	class string
	{
	public:
		 无参构造
		//string()
		//	: _size(0)
		//	, _capacity(0)
		//	, _str(new char[1])
		//{
		//	_str[0] = '\0';
		//}

		 c字符串参数构造
		//string(const char* str)
		//	: _size(strlen(str))
		//	, _capacity(_size)
		//	, _str(new char[_capacity + 1])
		//{
		//	strcpy(_str, str);
		//}

		// 无参和c字符串的构造可以合成带缺省参数的构造
		// 若不传递参数，则使用空字符串，空字符串默认结尾为\0，可以满足无参的构造
		// 传递参数， 则按传递的字符串进行构造，满足c字符串的构造
		string(const char* str = "")
		{
			_size = strlen(str);
			_capacity = _size;
			_str = new char[_capacity + 1];
			strcpy(_str, str);
		}

		// 拷贝构造
		string(const string& str)
		{
			_size = str._size;
			_capacity = str._capacity;
			_str = new char[str._capacity + 1];
			strcpy(_str, str._str);
		}

		// 析构函数
		~string()
		{
			delete[] _str;
			_str = nullptr;
			_size = 0;
			_capacity = 0;
		}

	private:
		size_t _size;
		size_t _capacity;
		char* _str;
	};
}

二、c_str、size、capaicty函数

• c_str： 返回_str字符串
• size： 返回_size成员变量
• capacity: 返回_capacity成员变量

		// c_str函数
		const char* c_str() const
		{
			return _str;
		}

		// size函数
		size_t size() const
		{
			return _size;
		}

		// capacity函数
		size_t capacity() const
		{
			return _capacity;
		}

三、[]运算符重载 和 iterator迭代器

		// []运算符重载
		char& operator[] (size_t pos)
		{
			assert(pos < _size);

			return _str[pos];
		}

		const char& operator[] (size_t pos) const
		{
			assert(pos < _size);

			return _str[pos];
		}

		// 迭代器
		typedef char* iterator;
		typedef const char* const_iterator;
		iterator begin()
		{
			return _str;
		}

		iterator end()
		{
			return _str + _size;
		}


		const_iterator begin() const
		{
			return _str;
		}

		const_iterator end() const
		{
			return _str + _size;
		}

测试：

• 因为还没有实现流插入，流提取，所以需要包含string头文件

#include <string>

#include "String.h"

void Test_string1()
{
	cout << "测试构造/拷贝构造" << endl;
	hhb::string s1("hello world");
	
	cout << s1.c_str() << endl;

	hhb::string s2;
	cout << s2.size() << endl;

	hhb::string s3("hello csdn");
	hhb::string s4(s3);
	cout << s4.c_str() << endl;
	cout << s4.capacity() << endl;


	cout << "测试[]运算符重载" << endl;
	hhb:string s5("knowledge is power");
	for (size_t i = 0; i < s5.size(); i++)
	{
		s5[i]++;
	}

	for (size_t i = 0; i < s5.size(); i++)
	{
		cout << s5[i] << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;

	cout << "测试迭代器" << endl;
	hhb::string s6("hello world");
	hhb::string::iterator it = s6.begin();

	while (it != s6.end())
	{
		(*it)++;
		cout << *it << " ";
		++it;
	}

	cout << endl;

	cout << "测试const迭代器" << endl;
	const hhb::string s7("hello csdn");
	hhb::string::const_iterator cit = s7.begin();

	while (cit != s7.end())
	{
		 // *cit += 2;  // error

		cout << *cit << " ";
		++cit;
	}
	cout << endl;
	

	// 语法糖
	cout << "语法糖" << endl;
	for (auto ch : s7)
	{
		cout << ch << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
}


int main()
{
	Test_string1();

	return 0;
}

四、 reserve

// reserve
void reserve(size_t n)
{
	if (n > _capacity)
	{
		char* tmp = new char[n + 1];
		strcpy(tmp, _str);
		delete[] _str;
		_str = tmp;
		_capacity = n;
	}
}

测试：

void Test_string2()
{
	hhb::string s1("hello world");

	cout << "测试 reserve()" << endl;
	s1.reserve(100);
	
	cout << s1.c_str() << endl;
	cout << s1.size() << endl;
	cout << s1.capacity() << endl;

}

五、 push_back、append 和 +=

// push_back
void push_back(char ch)
{
	if (_size == _capacity)
	{
		reserve(_capacity == 0 ? 4 : _capacity * 2); // 2倍扩容
	}

	_str[_size] = ch;
	_size++;
}

// append
void append(const char* str)
{
	size_t len = strlen(str);
	if (_capacity < _size + len)
	{
		reserve(_size + len); // 至少扩容到_size + len
	}


	strcpy(_str + _size, str);
	_size += len;
}

// +=运算符重载

string& operator+= (char ch)
{
	push_back(ch);

	return *this;
}
string& operator+= (const char* str)
{
	append(str);

	return *this;
}

测试：

void Test_string3()
{
	hhb::string s2("hello");
	cout << "测试 push_back 和 append" << endl;
	s2.push_back(' ');
	s2.push_back('#');
	s2.push_back(' ');
	s2.append("csdn!!!!!!!");

	cout << s2.c_str() << endl;
	cout << s2.size() << endl;
	cout << s2.capacity() << endl;


	hhb::string s3("knowledge");
	cout << "测试 += 运算符重载" << endl;
	s3 += ' ';
	s3 += "is ";
	s3 += "power";

	cout << s3.c_str() << endl;
	cout << s3.size() << endl;
	cout << s3.capacity() << endl;
}

六、 insert

// insert
void insert(size_t pos, size_t n, char ch)
{
	assert(pos <= _size);
	if (_capacity < _size + n)
	{
		reserve(_size + n);
	}

	// 挪动数据
	size_t end = _size;

	while (end >= pos && end != npos)
	{
		_str[end + n] = _str[end];
		--end;
	}

	for (size_t i = pos; i < pos + n; i++)
	{
		_str[i] = ch;
	}

	_size += n;
}


void insert(size_t pos, const char* str)
{
	assert(pos <= _size);

	size_t len = strlen(str);

	// 扩容
	if (_capacity < _size + len)
	{
		reserve(_size + len);
	}

	// 挪动数据
	size_t end = _size;

	while (end >= pos && end != npos)
	{
		_str[end + len] = _str[end];
		--end;
	}

	// 插入字符串
	for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
	{
		_str[pos + i] = str[i];
	}

	_size += len;
}

测试：

void Test_string4()
{
	hhb::string s4("hello world");
	cout << "测试 insert " << endl;
	s4.insert(5, 10, 'x');
	cout << s4.c_str() << endl;
	cout << s4.size() << endl;
	cout << s4.capacity() << endl;

	s4.insert(5, "hello everyone");
	cout << s4.c_str() << endl;
	cout << s4.size() << endl;
	cout << s4.capacity() << endl;
}

七、 erase

void erase(size_t pos, size_t len = npos)
{
	assert(pos <= _size);

	if (len == npos || len + pos > _size)
	{
		_str[pos] = '\0';
		_size = pos;

		_str[_size] = '\0';
	}
	else
	{
		size_t end = pos + len;
		while (end < _size)
		{
			_str[pos++] = _str[end++];
		}

		_size -= len;
		_str[_size] = '\0';
	}
}

测试：

void Test_string5()
{
	hhb::string s5("hello world");
	cout << "测试 erase" << endl;

	cout << s5.c_str() << endl;
	s5.erase(5, 2);
	cout << s5.c_str() << endl;
	s5.erase(5);
	cout << s5.c_str() << endl;
}

八、 find 和 substr

size_t find(char ch, size_t pos = 0)
{
	assert(pos < _size);

	for (size_t i = 0; i < _size; i++)
	{
		if (_str[i] == i)
		{
			return i;
		}
	}

	return npos;
}

size_t find(const char* str, size_t pos = 0)
{
	assert(pos < _size);

	const char* ptr = strstr(_str + pos, str);
	if (ptr)
	{
		return ptr - _str;
	}
	else
	{
		return npos;
	}

}

string substr(size_t pos, size_t len = npos) const
{
	assert(pos < _size);
	size_t n = len;
	if (len == npos || len + pos > _size)
	{
		n = _size - pos;
	}

	string tmp;
	tmp.reserve(n);
	for (size_t i = pos; i < pos + n; i++)
	{
		tmp += _str[i];
	}
	tmp += "";

	return tmp;
}

测试：

void Test_string6()
{
	//hhb::string url("https://editor.csdn.net/md?articleId=142095841");
	hhb::string url("ftp://www.baidu.com/md?articleId=142095841");



	size_t pos1 = url.find("://");
	if (pos1 != hhb::string::npos)
	{
		hhb::string protocol = url.substr(0, pos1);

		cout << protocol.c_str() << endl;
	}

	size_t pos2 = url.find("/", pos1 + 3);
	if (pos2 != hhb::string::npos)
	{
		hhb::string domain = url.substr(pos1 + 3, pos2 - (pos1 + 3));
		hhb::string uri = url.substr(pos2 + 1);

		cout << domain.c_str() << endl;
		cout << uri.c_str() << endl;
	}

}

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总结

模拟实现string类、构造、拷贝构造和析构函数、c_str、size、capacity函数、[]运算符重载 和 iterator迭代器、reserve、push_back、append、+=、insert、erase、find 和 substr等介绍