在MySQL中,为了提高代码重用性和隐藏实现细节,MySQL提供了很多函数。函数可以理解为别人封装好的模板代码。
在MySQL中,函数非常多,主要可以分为以下几类:
聚合函数
数学函数
字符串函数
日期函数
控制流函数
窗口函数
聚合函数
在MySQL中,聚合函数主要有:count,sum,min,max,avg,这些聚合函数之前都学过。这里学习另外一个函数:group_concat(),该函数用户实现行的合并。
group_concat()函数首先根据group by指定的列进行分组,并且用分隔符分隔,将同一个分组中的值连接起来,返回一个字符串结果。
格式:
group_concat( [distinct] 字段名 [order by 排序字段 asc/desc] [separator '分隔符'] );
说明:
使用distinct可以排除重复值;如果需要对结果中的值进行排序,可以使用order by字句;separator是一个字符串值,默认为逗号。
create database mydb4;
use mydb4;
create table emp(
emp_id int primary key auto_increment comment '编号',
emp_name char(20) not null default '' comment '姓名',
salary decimal(10,2) not null default 0 comment '工资',
department char(20) not null default '' comment '部门'
);
insert into emp(emp_name,salary,department) values ('张晶晶',5000,'财务部'),('张小斐',5200,'人事部'),('刘云云',7500,'销售部'),('刘云鹏',7200,'销售部'),('刘云鹏',7200,'销售部');
-- 将所有员工的名字合成一行
select group_concat(emp_name) from emp;
-- 指定分隔符合并
select group_concat(emp_name separator ';') from emp;
-- 指定排序方式和分隔符
select department,group_concat(emp_name separator ';') from emp group by department;
select department,group_concat(emp_name order by salary desc separator ';') from emp group by department;
数字函数
字符串函数
日期函数
控制流函数
if逻辑判断语句
select *,if(score>=85,'优秀','及格') flag from score;
case when语句
select
case 5
when 1 then '你好'
when 2 then 'hello'
when 5 then '正确'
else
'其他'
end;
select
*,
case payType
when 1 then '微信支付'
when 2 then '支付宝支付'
when 3 then '银行卡支付'
else
'其他支付方式'
end as payTypeStr
from orders;
select
*,
case
when payType=1 then '微信支付'
when payType=2 then '支付宝支付'
when payType=3 then '银行卡支付'
else
'其他支付方式'
end as payTypeStr
from orders;
窗口函数
MySQL8.0新增窗口函数,窗口函数又被称为开窗函数,与Oracle窗口函数类似,属于MySQL的一大特点。
非聚合窗口函数是相对于聚合函数来说的。聚合函数是对一组数据计算后返回单个值(即分组),非聚合函数一次只会处理一行数据。窗口聚合函数在行记录上计算某个字段的结果时,可将窗口范围内的数据输入到聚合函数中,并不改变行数。
语法结构
window function(expr) over (
partition by ...
order by ...
frame_clause
)
其中,window_function是窗口函数的名称;expr是参数,有些函数不需要参数;over子句包含三个选项:
分区(partition by)
partition by选项用于将数据行拆分成多个分区(组),它的作用类似于group by分组。如果省略了partition by,所有的数据作为一个组进行计算
排序(order by)
over子句中的order by选项用于指定分区内的排序方式,与order by子句的作用类似
窗口大小(frame_clause)
frame_clause选项用于在当前分区内指定一个计算窗口,也就是一个与当前行相关的数据子集
序号函数
序号函数有三个:row_number()、rank()、dense_rank(),可以用来实现分组排序,并添加序号。
格式
row_number() | rank() | dense_rank() over(
partition by ...
order by...
)
create table employee(
dname varchar(20),-- 部门名
eid varchar(20),
ename varchar(20),
hiredate date,-- 入职日期
salary double-- 薪资
);
insert into employee values('研发部','1001','刘备','2021-11-01',3000);
insert into employee values('研发部','1002','关羽','2021-11-02',5000);
insert into employee values('研发部','1003','张飞','2021-11-03',7000);
insert into employee values('研发部','1004','赵云','2021-11-04',7000);
insert into employee values('研发部','1005','马超','2021-11-05',4000);
insert into employee values('研发部','1006','黄忠','2021-11-06',4000);
insert into employee values('销售部','1007','曹操','2021-11-01',2000);
insert into employee values('销售部','1008','许褚','2021-11-02',3000);
insert into employee values('销售部','1009','典韦','2021-11-03',5000);
insert into employee values('销售部','1010','张辽','2021-11-04',6000);
insert into employee values('销售部','1011','徐晃','2021-11-05',9000);
insert into employee values('销售部','1012','曹洪','2021-11-06',6000);
对每个部门的员工按照薪资排序,并给出排名
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
row_number() over(partition by dname order by salary desc) as rn1,
rank() over(partition by dname order by salary desc) as rn2,
dense_rank() over(partition by dname order by salary desc) as rn3
from employee;
求出每个部门薪资排在前三名的员工-分组求TOPN
select * from
(
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
dense_rank() over(partition by dname order by salary desc) as rn
from employee
)t
where t.rn<=3;
对所有员工进行全局排序(不分组)
-- 不加partition by表示全局排序
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
dense_rank() over(order by salary desc) as rn
from employee
开窗聚合函数-sum,avg,min,max
在窗口中每条记录动态地应用聚合函数(sum()、avg()、max()、count),可以动态计算在指定的窗口内的各种聚合函数值。
select
dname,
ename,
hiredate,
salary,
sum(salary) over(partition by dname order by hiredate) as c1
from employee;-- 从第一行开始加到当前行
select
dname,
ename,
hiredate,
salary,
sum(salary) over(partition by dname) as c1
from employee;-- 如果没有order by排序语句,默认把分组内的所有数据进行sum操作
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
sum(salary) over(partition by dname order by hiredate rows between 3 preceding and current row) as c1
from employee;-- 从向上3行加到当前行
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
sum(salary) over(partition by dname order by hiredate rows between 3 preceding and 1 following) as c1
from employee;-- 从向上3行加到向后1行,包括当前行
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
sum(salary) over(partition by dname order by hiredate rows between current row and unbounded following) as c1
from employee;-- 从当前行加到最后
分布函数-cume_dist和percent_rank()
cume_dist
用途:分组内小于、等于当前rank值的行数/分组内总行数
应用场景:查询小于等于当前薪资(salary)的比例
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
cume_dist() over(order by salary) as rn1,
cume_dist() over(partition by dname order by salary) as rn2
from employee;
percent_rank
用途:每行按照公式(rank-1)/(rows-1)进行计算。其中,rank为rank()函数阐释的序号,rows为当前窗口的记录总行数
应用场景:不常用
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
rank() over(partition by dname order by salary desc) as rn,
percent_rank() over(partition by dname order by salary desc) as rn2
from employee;
前后函数-lag和lead
用途:返回当前行的前n行(lag(expr,n))或后n行(lead(expr,n))的expr的值
应用场景:查询前1名同学的成绩和当前同学成绩的差值
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
hiredate,
lag(hiredate,1,'2000-01-01') over(partition by dname order by hiredate) as time1,
lag(hiredate,2) over(partition by dname order by hiredate) as time2
from employee;
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
hiredate,
lead(hiredate,1,'2000-01-01') over(partition by dname order by hiredate) as time1,
lead(hiredate,2) over(partition by dname order by hiredate) as time2
from employee;
头尾函数-first_values和last_value
用途:返回第一个(first_value(expr))或最后一个(last_value(expr))expr的值
应用场景:截止到当期,按照日期排序查询第一个入职和最后一个入职员工的薪资
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
hiredate,
first_value(salary) over(partition by dname order by hiredate) as first,
last_value(salary) over(partition by dname order by hiredate) as last
from employee;
其他函数-nth_value(expr,n)、ntile(n)
nth_value
用途:返回窗口中第n个expr的值。expr可以是表达式,也可以是列名
应用场景:截至到当前薪资,显示每个员工的薪资中排名第2或者第3的薪资
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
hiredate,
nth_value(salary,2) over(partition by dname order by hiredate) as second_salary,
nth_value(salary,3) over(partition by dname order by hiredate) as third_salary
from employee;
ntile
用途:将分区中的有序数据分为n个等级,记录等级数
应用场景:将每个部门员工按照入职日期分成3组
select
dname,
ename,
salary,
hiredate,
ntile(3) over(partition by dname order by hiredate) as nt
from employee;