关于 c++ lambda 函数需要注意的点

lambda 函数 capture by reference 很好理解，就类似于 Functor, 会在 closure 中定义一些指针指向使用的对象地址。

然后 capture by value 通常也类似 Functor，会在 closure 中定义一些对象，然后将使用到的对象复制进 closure 中.

需要注意一点的是：

One other thing that is sometimes overlooked however, is that even when one uses a capture-by-value-lambda in a member function, it doesn’t create a copy of the used member variables, but only makes a copy of the this pointer.

所以，如果在类成员函数中使用 lambda 函数，而且是 capture by value， 那么其结果就是： 该 lambda 函数对一个类的成员变量 capture by this pointer, 也就是 capture by reference，而对一个类 非成员变量 则 capture by value.

例如：

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;
struct Foo
{
    int a;
    std::vector<int> b;
};

class Test
{
    Foo foo; 
    public:
    void func()
    {
        int c = 10;
        Foo f;
        cout << "Out address of a(member): " << &foo.a << endl;
        cout << "Out address of b(menber): " << &foo.b << endl;
        cout << "Out address of c(non-member): " << &c << endl;
        cout << "Out address of d(non-member): " << &f << endl;
        auto lambda = [=]()
        {
            cout << "In address of a(member): " << &foo.a << endl;
            cout << "In address of b(menber): " << &foo.b << endl; 
            cout << "In address of b(non-member): " << &c << endl;
            cout << "In address of d(non-member): " << &f << endl;
        };
        
        lambda();
        
    }
    
};


int main()
{
    Test t;
    t.func();
   
    cout << "Out address of t: " << &t << endl;
    auto lambda = [=]()
    {
        cout << "In address of t: " << &t << endl;
    };
    lambda();
   
   return 0;
}

运行结果：

$g++ -std=c++11 -o main *.cpp
$main
Out address of a(member): 0x7fffedde7430        // 在 lambda 函数外成员地址
Out address of b(menber): 0x7fffedde7438
Out address of c(non-member): 0x7fffedde73ec    // 在 lambda 函数外 非 成员地址
Out address of d(non-member): 0x7fffedde73c0

In address of a(member): 0x7fffedde7430         // 在 lambda 函数内成员地址（与lambda外地址相同，by reference）
In address of b(menber): 0x7fffedde7438
In address of b(non-member): 0x7fffedde7398     // 在 lambda 函数内 非 成员地址（与lambda外地址不同, by value）
In address of d(non-member): 0x7fffedde73a0
Out address of t: 0x7fffedde7430
In address of t: 0x7fffedde7410

除了上面那个点，下面两个例子也需要特殊注意

e.g 1:
在 lambda 本体中删除该 instance 类似于在 class 成员函数中删除 this 指针。如果在 lambda 函数中删除自身，然后再去获取 capture by value 变量，会导致程序崩溃。（同理，需要注意 lambda 函数 capture by value 自身 shared_ptr 而导致循环引用的问题）

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <functional>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    std::function<int(void)> func;
    
    
    int i = 2;
    int c = 5;
    
    {
        func = [=,&func,&i]() {
            int b =3;
            func = nullptr;  // here will destory the std::function
            i+=1;
            return i+b;  // i+b+c segment fault
        };
    }
    
  cout << "Hello World: " << func() << endl; 
   
  return 0;
}

e.g.2:
lambda 内的 static 变量被该 lambda 的所有 instance 共享；因为本质上 lambda 是一个class， 一个 class的所有对象共享其 static 变量；不要误以为每一个 lambda 都独享一份自己的static变量哈，这是错误的。

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

using std::cout;

void some_function()
{
    std::vector<int> v = {0,1,2,3,4,5};
    std::for_each( v.begin(), v.end(),
         [](const int &i)
         {
             static int calls_to_cout = 0;
             cout << "cout has been called " << calls_to_cout << " times.\n"
                  << "\tCurrent int: " << i << "\n";
             ++calls_to_cout;
         } );
}

int main()
{
    some_function();
    some_function();
}