第4章数据获取与存储

山城棒棒儿军

已于 2022-04-25 13:13:02 修改

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分类专栏： Python基础及应用文章标签： python

于 2022-04-11 21:06:05 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Genial_Rong/article/details/124109193

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11 篇文章 4 订阅

订阅专栏

4.1 从csv和txt文件存取数据
- 4.1.1 csv文件的存取
- 4.1.2 txt文件的存取
  - 4.1.2.1 以前学过的python文件读取方法
  - 4.1.2.2 pandas读txt文件
4.2 Excel文件的存取
4.3 从Json文件读写
4.4 从Html表格中获取数据
- 4.4.1 从Html表格获得数据的主要注意事项
- 4.4.2 利用pandas.read_html()爬取天气网页数据
4.5 从数据库获取
4.6 从word文件获取
4.7 从pdf文件读取数据
- 4.7.1 安装pdfplumber
- 4.7.2 使用pdfplumber读取数据
  - 4.7.2.1 读取单页的《集合介绍.pdf》
  - 4.7.2.2 读取多页的《2021jxcg.pdf》

本文涉及到的数据资料文件下载地址百度网盘
本文的Jupyter notebook文件下载地址百度网盘

4.1 从csv和txt文件存取数据

4.1.1 csv文件的存取

4.1.1.1 以前学过的python读取csv文件

import csv

f = csv.reader(open('phones.csv', 'r', encoding='gbk'))
for i in f:
    print(i)

['商品名称', '价格', '颜色']
['Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB', '6299', '深空灰色']
['Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB ', '10999', '深空灰色']
['Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB', '6199', '黑色']
['Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB', '3999', '深空灰色']
['Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB', '4799', '深空灰色']
['Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB', '8699', '深空灰色']
['Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max  256GB', '9988', '金色']
['Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB', '8058', '金色']
['Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB', '5788', '黑色']
['Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G', '4139', '玫瑰金色']

f = open('phones.csv','r',encoding = 'gbk')  # 1. 打开文件
csvReader = csv.reader(f)  # 2. 读取文件
for row in csvReader:
    print(row)
f.close()  # 3. 关闭文件

['商品名称', '价格', '颜色']
['Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB', '6299', '深空灰色']
['Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB ', '10999', '深空灰色']
['Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB', '6199', '黑色']
['Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB', '3999', '深空灰色']
['Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB', '4799', '深空灰色']
['Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB', '8699', '深空灰色']
['Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max  256GB', '9988', '金色']
['Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB', '8058', '金色']
['Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB', '5788', '黑色']
['Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G', '4139', '玫瑰金色']

with open('phones.csv','r',encoding = 'gbk') as f:
    csvReader = csv.reader(f)  # 2. 读取文件
    for row in csvReader:
        print(row)

['商品名称', '价格', '颜色']
['Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB', '6299', '深空灰色']
['Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB ', '10999', '深空灰色']
['Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB', '6199', '黑色']
['Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB', '3999', '深空灰色']
['Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB', '4799', '深空灰色']
['Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB', '8699', '深空灰色']
['Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max  256GB', '9988', '金色']
['Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB', '8058', '金色']
['Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB', '5788', '黑色']
['Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G', '4139', '玫瑰金色']

row

['Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G', '4139', '玫瑰金色']

list1 = []
with open('phones.csv','r',encoding = 'gbk') as f:
    csvReader = csv.reader(f)  # 2. 读取文件
    for row in csvReader:
        list1.append(row)

list1

[['商品名称', '价格', '颜色'],
 ['Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB', '6299', '深空灰色'],
 ['Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB ', '10999', '深空灰色'],
 ['Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB', '6199', '黑色'],
 ['Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB', '3999', '深空灰色'],
 ['Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB', '4799', '深空灰色'],
 ['Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB', '8699', '深空灰色'],
 ['Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max  256GB', '9988', '金色'],
 ['Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB', '8058', '金色'],
 ['Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB', '5788', '黑色'],
 ['Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G', '4139', '玫瑰金色']]

import pandas as pd

df1 = pd.DataFrame(list1)
df1

	0	1	2
0	商品名称	价格	颜色
1	Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB	6299	深空灰色
2	Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB	10999	深空灰色
3	Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB	6199	黑色
4	Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB	3999	深空灰色
5	Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB	4799	深空灰色
6	Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB	8699	深空灰色
7	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max 256GB	9988	金色
8	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB	8058	金色
9	Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB	5788	黑色
10	Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G	4139	玫瑰金色

list1[1:]

[['Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB', '6299', '深空灰色'],
 ['Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB ', '10999', '深空灰色'],
 ['Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB', '6199', '黑色'],
 ['Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB', '3999', '深空灰色'],
 ['Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB', '4799', '深空灰色'],
 ['Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB', '8699', '深空灰色'],
 ['Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max  256GB', '9988', '金色'],
 ['Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB', '8058', '金色'],
 ['Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB', '5788', '黑色'],
 ['Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G', '4139', '玫瑰金色']]

df1 = pd.DataFrame(list1[1:],columns=list1[0])
df1

	商品名称	价格	颜色
0	Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB	6299	深空灰色
1	Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB	10999	深空灰色
2	Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB	6199	黑色
3	Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB	3999	深空灰色
4	Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB	4799	深空灰色
5	Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB	8699	深空灰色
6	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max 256GB	9988	金色
7	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB	8058	金色
8	Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB	5788	黑色
9	Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G	4139	玫瑰金色

df1.describe()

	商品名称	价格	颜色
count	10	10	10
unique	10	10	4
top	Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB	6299	深空灰色
freq	1	1	5

df1.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 10 entries, 0 to 9
Data columns (total 3 columns):
 #   Column  Non-Null Count  Dtype 
---  ------  --------------  ----- 
 0   商品名称    10 non-null     object
 1   价格      10 non-null     object
 2   颜色      10 non-null     object
dtypes: object(3)
memory usage: 368.0+ bytes

df1['价格'].astype('int64')

0     6299
1    10999
2     6199
3     3999
4     4799
5     8699
6     9988
7     8058
8     5788
9     4139
Name: 价格, dtype: int64

df1['价格']=df1['价格'].astype('int64')

df1.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 10 entries, 0 to 9
Data columns (total 3 columns):
 #   Column  Non-Null Count  Dtype 
---  ------  --------------  ----- 
 0   商品名称    10 non-null     object
 1   价格      10 non-null     int64 
 2   颜色      10 non-null     object
dtypes: int64(1), object(2)
memory usage: 368.0+ bytes

df1.describe()

	价格
count	10.000000
mean	6896.700000
std	2437.144734
min	3999.000000
25%	5046.250000
50%	6249.000000
75%	8538.750000
max	10999.000000

4.1.1.2 pandas读取csv

df2 = pd.read_csv("phones.csv",encoding='gbk')
df2

	商品名称	价格	颜色
0	Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB	6299	深空灰色
1	Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB	10999	深空灰色
2	Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB	6199	黑色
3	Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB	3999	深空灰色
4	Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB	4799	深空灰色
5	Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB	8699	深空灰色
6	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max 256GB	9988	金色
7	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB	8058	金色
8	Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB	5788	黑色
9	Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G	4139	玫瑰金色

df2.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 10 entries, 0 to 9
Data columns (total 3 columns):
 #   Column  Non-Null Count  Dtype 
---  ------  --------------  ----- 
 0   商品名称    10 non-null     object
 1   价格      10 non-null     int64 
 2   颜色      10 non-null     object
dtypes: int64(1), object(2)
memory usage: 368.0+ bytes

df21 = pd.read_csv("phones.csv",encoding='gbk',usecols=['商品名称','价格'])
df21

	商品名称	价格
0	Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB	6299
1	Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB	10999
2	Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB	6199
3	Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB	3999
4	Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB	4799
5	Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB	8699
6	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max 256GB	9988
7	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB	8058
8	Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB	5788
9	Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G	4139

df22 = pd.read_csv("phones.csv",encoding='gbk',usecols=[0,2])
df22

	商品名称	颜色
0	Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB	深空灰色
1	Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB	深空灰色
2	Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB	黑色
3	Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB	深空灰色
4	Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB	深空灰色
5	Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB	深空灰色
6	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max 256GB	金色
7	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB	金色
8	Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB	黑色
9	Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G	玫瑰金色

df23 = pd.read_csv("phones.csv",encoding='gbk',nrows=5)
df23

	商品名称	价格	颜色
0	Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB	6299	深空灰色
1	Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB	10999	深空灰色
2	Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB	6199	黑色
3	Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB	3999	深空灰色
4	Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB	4799	深空灰色

4.1.1.3 csv文件的写入

df2

	商品名称	价格	颜色
0	Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB	6299	深空灰色
1	Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB	10999	深空灰色
2	Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB	6199	黑色
3	Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB	3999	深空灰色
4	Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB	4799	深空灰色
5	Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB	8699	深空灰色
6	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max 256GB	9988	金色
7	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB	8058	金色
8	Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB	5788	黑色
9	Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G	4139	玫瑰金色

4.1.1.3.1 原来用python写文件

csv.writerow()
csv.writerows()

df2.values

array([['Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB', 6299, '深空灰色'],
       ['Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB ', 10999, '深空灰色'],
       ['Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB', 6199, '黑色'],
       ['Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB', 3999, '深空灰色'],
       ['Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB', 4799, '深空灰色'],
       ['Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB', 8699, '深空灰色'],
       ['Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max  256GB', 9988, '金色'],
       ['Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB', 8058, '金色'],
       ['Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB', 5788, '黑色'],
       ['Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G', 4139, '玫瑰金色']], dtype=object)

import csv
f = open("phonesOut0.csv",'w',encoding='gbk')
csvWriter = csv.writer(f)
for row in df2.values:
    csvWriter.writerow(row)
f.close()

df3 = pd.read_csv("phonesOut0.csv",encoding='gbk',header=None,names = ['名称','价格','颜色'])
df3

	名称	价格	颜色
0	Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB	6299	深空灰色
1	Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB	10999	深空灰色
2	Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB	6199	黑色
3	Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB	3999	深空灰色
4	Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB	4799	深空灰色
5	Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB	8699	深空灰色
6	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max 256GB	9988	金色
7	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB	8058	金色
8	Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB	5788	黑色
9	Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G	4139	玫瑰金色

df3.shape

(10, 3)

df4 = pd.read_csv("phonesOut0.csv",encoding='gbk',index_col='名称',header=None,names = ['名称','价格','颜色'])
df4

	价格	颜色
名称
Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB	6299	深空灰色
Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB	10999	深空灰色
Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB	6199	黑色
Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB	3999	深空灰色
Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB	4799	深空灰色
Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB	8699	深空灰色
Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max 256GB	9988	金色
Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB	8058	金色
Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB	5788	黑色
Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G	4139	玫瑰金色

df4.shape

(10, 2)

4.1.1.3.2 pandas写入csv

df.to_csv()

df2

	商品名称	价格	颜色
0	Apple iPhone X (A1865) 64GB	6299	深空灰色
1	Apple iPhone XS Max (A2104) 256GB	10999	深空灰色
2	Apple iPhone XR (A2108) 128GB	6199	黑色
3	Apple iPhone 8 (A1863) 64GB	3999	深空灰色
4	Apple iPhone 8 Plus (A1864) 64GB	4799	深空灰色
5	Apple iPhone XS (A2100) 64GB	8699	深空灰色
6	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs Max 256GB	9988	金色
7	Apple 苹果 iPhone Xs 64GB	8058	金色
8	Apple 苹果 iPhone XR 128GB	5788	黑色
9	Apple iPhone 7 (A1660) 128G	4139	玫瑰金色

df2.to_csv('phonseOut1.csv')

df2.to_csv('phonseOut2.csv',columns=['商品名称','价格']) # 指定列

df2.to_csv('phonseOut3.csv',index=False) # 取消索引的存储

4.1.2 txt文件的存取

4.1.2.1 以前学过的python文件读取方法

f.read() 读取所有的文本内容

i = 0
with open('itheima_books.txt','r') as f:
    data = f.read()
    print(i)
    print(data)
    i += 1

0
黑马程序员教程 教程网址
学习线路图 https://book.itheima.net/learnline/1265899443273850881
学习教程 https://book.itheima.net/course/1265899443273850881
面试宝典 https://book.itheima.net/study/1265899443273850881

data

'黑马程序员教程 教程网址\n学习线路图 https://book.itheima.net/learnline/1265899443273850881\n学习教程 https://book.itheima.net/course/1265899443273850881\n面试宝典 https://book.itheima.net/study/1265899443273850881\n'

f.readline()读取一行内容
f.readlines() 读取所有内容，讲每一行作为一个元素，返回列表

i = 0
with open('itheima_books.txt','r') as f:
    line = f.readline()
    print(i)
    print(line)
    i += 1

0
黑马程序员教程 教程网址

with open('itheima_books.txt','r') as f:
    line = f.readline()
    print(line)
    line = f.readline()
    print(line)

黑马程序员教程 教程网址

学习线路图 https://book.itheima.net/learnline/1265899443273850881

with open('itheima_books.txt','r') as f:
    while True:
        line = f.readline()
        if line:
            print(line,end='')
        else:
            break

黑马程序员教程 教程网址
学习线路图 https://book.itheima.net/learnline/1265899443273850881
学习教程 https://book.itheima.net/course/1265899443273850881
面试宝典 https://book.itheima.net/study/1265899443273850881

with open('itheima_books.txt','r') as f:
    lines  = f.readlines()
lines

['黑马程序员教程 教程网址\n',
 '学习线路图 https://book.itheima.net/learnline/1265899443273850881\n',
 '学习教程 https://book.itheima.net/course/1265899443273850881\n',
 '面试宝典 https://book.itheima.net/study/1265899443273850881\n']

type(lines)

list

4.1.2.2 pandas读txt文件

import pandas as pd

txtData = pd.read_csv("itheima_books.txt")
txtData

	黑马程序员教程教程网址
0	学习线路图 https://book.itheima.net/learnline/12658...
1	学习教程 https://book.itheima.net/course/126589944...
2	面试宝典 https://book.itheima.net/study/1265899443...

type(txtData)

pandas.core.frame.DataFrame

txtData.shape

(3, 1)

txtData2 = pd.read_csv("itheima_books.txt",sep=' ')
txtData2

	黑马程序员教程	教程网址
0	学习线路图	https://book.itheima.net/learnline/12658994432...
1	学习教程	https://book.itheima.net/course/12658994432738...
2	面试宝典	https://book.itheima.net/study/126589944327385...

txtData2.shape

(3, 2)

练习：读取 cj.txt 文件

txtData3 = pd.read_csv("cj.txt",sep='\t')
txtData3

	学号	班级	姓名	性别	英语	体育	军训	数分	高代	解几
0	2308024241	23080242	成龙	男	76	78	77	40	23	60
1	2308024244	23080242	周怡	女	66	91	75	47	47	44
2	2308024251	23080242	张波	男	85	81	75	45	45	60
3	2308024249	23080242	朱浩	男	65	50	80	72	62	71
4	2308024219	23080242	封印	女	73	88	92	61	47	46
5	2308024201	23080242	迟培	男	60	50	89	71	76	71
6	2308024347	23080243	李华	女	67	61	84	61	65	78
7	2308024307	23080243	陈田	男	76	79	86	69	40	69
8	2308024326	23080243	余皓	男	66	67	85	65	61	71
9	2308024320	23080243	李嘉	女	62	作弊	90	60	67	77
10	2308024342	23080243	李上初	男	76	90	84	60	66	60
11	2308024310	23080243	郭窦	女	79	67	84	64	64	79
12	2308024435	23080244	姜毅涛	男	77	71	缺考	61	73	76
13	2308024432	23080244	赵宇	男	74	74	88	68	70	71
14	2308024446	23080244	周路	女	76	80	77	61	74	80
15	2308024421	23080244	林建祥	男	72	72	81	63	90	75
16	2308024433	23080244	李大强	男	79	76	77	78	70	70
17	2308024428	23080244	李侧通	男	64	96	91	69	60	77
18	2308024402	23080244	王慧	女	73	74	93	70	71	75
19	2308024422	23080244	李晓亮	男	85	60	85	72	72	83
20	2308024201	23080242	迟培	男	60	50	89	71	76	71

txtData3.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 21 entries, 0 to 20
Data columns (total 10 columns):
 #   Column  Non-Null Count  Dtype 
---  ------  --------------  ----- 
 0   学号      21 non-null     int64 
 1   班级      21 non-null     int64 
 2   姓名      21 non-null     object
 3   性别      21 non-null     object
 4   英语      21 non-null     int64 
 5   体育      21 non-null     object
 6   军训      21 non-null     object
 7   数分      21 non-null     int64 
 8   高代      21 non-null     int64 
 9   解几      21 non-null     int64 
dtypes: int64(6), object(4)
memory usage: 1.8+ KB

txtData3 = pd.read_table("cj.txt")
txtData3

	学号	班级	姓名	性别	英语	体育	军训	数分	高代	解几
0	2308024241	23080242	成龙	男	76	78	77	40	23	60
1	2308024244	23080242	周怡	女	66	91	75	47	47	44
2	2308024251	23080242	张波	男	85	81	75	45	45	60
3	2308024249	23080242	朱浩	男	65	50	80	72	62	71
4	2308024219	23080242	封印	女	73	88	92	61	47	46
5	2308024201	23080242	迟培	男	60	50	89	71	76	71
6	2308024347	23080243	李华	女	67	61	84	61	65	78
7	2308024307	23080243	陈田	男	76	79	86	69	40	69
8	2308024326	23080243	余皓	男	66	67	85	65	61	71
9	2308024320	23080243	李嘉	女	62	作弊	90	60	67	77
10	2308024342	23080243	李上初	男	76	90	84	60	66	60
11	2308024310	23080243	郭窦	女	79	67	84	64	64	79
12	2308024435	23080244	姜毅涛	男	77	71	缺考	61	73	76
13	2308024432	23080244	赵宇	男	74	74	88	68	70	71
14	2308024446	23080244	周路	女	76	80	77	61	74	80
15	2308024421	23080244	林建祥	男	72	72	81	63	90	75
16	2308024433	23080244	李大强	男	79	76	77	78	70	70
17	2308024428	23080244	李侧通	男	64	96	91	69	60	77
18	2308024402	23080244	王慧	女	73	74	93	70	71	75
19	2308024422	23080244	李晓亮	男	85	60	85	72	72	83
20	2308024201	23080242	迟培	男	60	50	89	71	76	71

4.2 Excel文件的存取

4.2.1 以前学过的python操作excel文件

xlrd与xlwt进行excel文件读写
openpyxl进行excel文件读写

4.2.1.1 导入库

import xlrd

4.2.1.2 打开工作薄文件

#打开文件（excel就是workbook）
wb = xlrd.open_workbook("Athletes_info.xls")
wb

<xlrd.book.Book at 0x7fc54142c6a0>

4.2.1.3 获取表单sheet

获取所有的sheet名字 .sheet_names()
获取表单数量 .nsheets
获得表单所有对象： .sheets()
通过sheet名查找： .sheet_by_name()
通过索引查找： .sheet_by_index()

wb.sheet_names()

['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', '表单3']

type(wb.sheet_names()[0])

str

wb.nsheets

wb.sheets()

[Sheet  0:<Sheet1>, Sheet  1:<Sheet2>, Sheet  2:<表单3>]

type(wb.sheets()[0])

xlrd.sheet.Sheet

wb.sheet_by_name('Sheet1')

Sheet  0:<Sheet1>

wb.sheet_by_index(2)

Sheet  2:<表单3>

4.2.1.4 获得每个sheet的汇总数据

.name：sheet名
.nrows: 获得总行数
.ncols: 获得总的列

#打开文件（excel就是workbook）
wb = xlrd.open_workbook("Athletes_info.xls")

wb.sheet_names()

['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', '表单3']

sheets = wb.sheets()
sheets

[Sheet  0:<Sheet1>, Sheet  1:<Sheet2>, Sheet  2:<表单3>]

type(sheets)

list

sheets[0].nrows

sheets[0].ncols

import xlrd

#打开文件（excel就是workbook）
wb = xlrd.open_workbook("Athletes_info.xls")

for i in range(wb.nsheets):
    sheet = wb.sheet_by_index(i)
    print(sheet.name) # 表单名称
    print('行数：',sheet.nrows) # 表单数据行数
    print('列数：',sheet.ncols) # 表单列数
    print("="*50)

Sheet1
行数： 322
列数： 9
==================================================
Sheet2
行数： 2
列数： 3
==================================================
表单3
行数： 0
列数： 0
==================================================

4.2.1.5 单元格的操作

4.2.1.5.1 行操作

.sheet.row_values(0) #获得第一行的所有内容
.sheet.row(0). #获取单元格值的类型和内容
.sheet.row_types(0)#获得单元格的类型

sheets = wb.sheets()
sheet0 = sheets[0]
sheet0

Sheet  0:<Sheet1>

sheet0.row_values(0)

['name',
 'name2',
 'gender',
 'nation',
 'birth',
 'height/cm',
 'weight',
 'event',
 'native place']

sheet0.row(0)

[text:'name',
 text:'name2',
 text:'gender',
 text:'nation',
 text:'birth',
 text:'height/cm',
 text:'weight',
 text:'event',
 text:'native place']

sheet0.row_types(0)

array('B', [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])

4.2.1.5.2 单元格操作

sheet.row_values(0,3,7) # 获得的是第0行第3到7列（不含最后的第7列）
sheet.col_values(0,0,5) # 获得的是第0列第5到5行（不含最后的第5行）

sheet0.row_values(0)

['name',
 'name2',
 'gender',
 'nation',
 'birth',
 'height/cm',
 'weight',
 'event',
 'native place']

sheet0.row_values(0,3,7)

['nation', 'birth', 'height/cm', 'weight']

sheet0.row_values(1,3,7)

['中国', 32769.0, '', '']

sheet0.col_values(0,0,5)

['name', '毕晓琳 ', '鲍语晴 ', '艾衍含 ', '卞卡 ']

4.2.2 用pandas读取excel文件

import pandas as pd

excelData = pd.read_excel("Athletes_info.xlsx",sheet_name="Sheet1")
excelData.head(5)

	name	name2	gender	nation	birth	height/cm	weight	event	native place
0	毕晓琳	Bi Xiaolin	女	中国	1989-09-18 00:00:00	NaN	NaN	足球	辽宁
1	鲍语晴	Bao Yuqing	女	中国	NaN	NaN	NaN	艺术体操	浙江
2	艾衍含	Ai Yanhan	女	中国	2002-02-07 00:00:00	NaN	NaN	游泳	湖北
3	卞卡	BIAN Ka	女	中国	1993-01-05 00:00:00	182.0	113kg	女子铅球	江苏
4	陈楠	Chen Nan	女	中国	1983-12-08 00:00:00	197.0	90kg	篮球	青岛胶南

excelData.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 321 entries, 0 to 320
Data columns (total 9 columns):
 #   Column        Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------        --------------  -----  
 0   name          321 non-null    object 
 1   name2         321 non-null    object 
 2   gender        321 non-null    object 
 3   nation        321 non-null    object 
 4   birth         251 non-null    object 
 5   height/cm     203 non-null    float64
 6   weight        194 non-null    object 
 7   event         320 non-null    object 
 8   native place  306 non-null    object 
dtypes: float64(1), object(8)
memory usage: 22.7+ KB

excelData.describe()

	height/cm
count	203.000000
mean	177.911330
std	12.033041
min	140.000000
25%	170.500000
50%	177.000000
75%	184.000000
max	225.000000

phonsedata = pd.read_excel("phonesdata.xlsx",sheet_name=0,nrows=5)
phonsedata

	订单号	订单日期	年	月	地区名字	省份名字	城市名字	品牌	型号	运行内存	机身内存	数量	用户名	用户姓名	年龄	性别	手机号
0	20180301004758	2020-01-14	2020	1	中南地区	广西壮族自治区	梧州市	荣耀	荣耀9X	6G	64G	4	RVwhqiwMFc	刘捷	16	1	1379407****
1	20180301004759	2018-01-20	2018	1	华东地区	浙江省	舟山市	三星	Galaxy A50s	6G	128G	7	hICxjenVeM	陈盼妙	37	2	1382084****
2	20180301004760	2019-06-15	2019	6	西北地区	甘肃省	白银市	小米	红米K30 Pro	8G	256G	8	RSXOFBOwki	张浩	36	1	1593116****
3	20180301004761	2019-01-07	2019	1	中南地区	河南省	许昌市	小米	红米Note8	8G	128G	13	OtUMUlCBuK	辛倩	21	2	1308444****
4	20180301004762	2019-05-21	2019	5	直辖市	北京市	北京市	vivo	New 3S	6G	128G	4	eikoQvIyUR	徐旭	31	2	1322687****

phonsedata.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 5 entries, 0 to 4
Data columns (total 17 columns):
 #   Column  Non-Null Count  Dtype         
---  ------  --------------  -----         
 0   订单号     5 non-null      int64         
 1   订单日期    5 non-null      datetime64[ns]
 2   年       5 non-null      int64         
 3   月       5 non-null      int64         
 4   地区名字    5 non-null      object        
 5   省份名字    5 non-null      object        
 6   城市名字    5 non-null      object        
 7   品牌      5 non-null      object        
 8   型号      5 non-null      object        
 9   运行内存    5 non-null      object        
 10  机身内存    5 non-null      object        
 11  数量      5 non-null      int64         
 12  用户名     5 non-null      object        
 13  用户姓名    5 non-null      object        
 14  年龄      5 non-null      int64         
 15  性别      5 non-null      int64         
 16  手机号     5 non-null      object        
dtypes: datetime64[ns](1), int64(6), object(10)
memory usage: 808.0+ bytes

4.2.3 实例：新冠疫情初期数据分析

from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Map
import pandas as pd

初探数据

current_prov_covid19 = pd.read_excel("covid19_data.xls",sheet_name=0)
current_prov_covid19

	province	confirm	dead	heal
0	湖北	65187	2615	20948
1	广东	1347	7	851
2	河南	1271	19	1032
3	浙江	1205	1	860
4	湖南	1016	4	783
5	安徽	989	6	744
6	江西	934	1	719
7	山东	756	6	377
8	江苏	631	0	478
9	重庆	576	6	373
10	四川	531	3	307
11	黑龙江	480	12	249
12	北京	400	4	235
13	上海	336	3	272
14	河北	312	6	261
15	福建	294	1	213
16	广西	252	2	147
17	陕西	245	1	191
18	云南	174	2	144
19	海南	168	5	129
20	贵州	146	2	104
21	天津	135	3	96
22	山西	133	0	104
23	辽宁	121	1	88
24	吉林	93	1	65
25	甘肃	91	2	81
26	香港	89	2	24
27	新疆	76	2	34
28	内蒙古	75	0	38
29	宁夏	71	0	65
30	台湾	32	1	5
31	青海	18	0	18
32	澳门	10	0	7
33	西藏	1	0	1

data_history_covid19 = pd.read_excel("covid19_data.xls",sheet_name=1)
data_history_covid19

	date	confirm	dead	heal	suspect
0	2020-01-20	291	6	0	54
1	2020-01-21	440	9	0	37
2	2020-01-22	571	17	28	393
3	2020-01-23	830	25	34	1072
4	2020-01-24	1287	41	38	1965
5	2020-01-25	1975	56	49	2684
6	2020-01-26	2744	80	51	5794
7	2020-01-27	4515	106	60	6973
8	2020-01-28	5974	132	103	9239
9	2020-01-29	7711	170	124	12167
10	2020-01-30	9692	213	171	15238
11	2020-01-31	11791	259	243	17988
12	2020-02-01	14380	304	328	19544
13	2020-02-02	17205	361	475	21558
14	2020-02-03	20438	425	632	23214
15	2020-02-04	24324	490	892	23260
16	2020-02-05	28018	563	1153	24702
17	2020-02-06	31116	636	1540	26359
18	2020-02-07	34546	722	2050	27657
19	2020-02-08	37198	811	2649	28942
20	2020-02-09	40171	908	3281	23589
21	2020-02-10	42638	1016	3996	21675
22	2020-02-11	44653	1113	4640	16067
23	2020-02-12	58761	1259	5642	13435
24	2020-02-13	63851	1380	6723	10109
25	2020-02-14	66492	1523	8096	8969
26	2020-02-15	68500	1665	9419	8228
27	2020-02-16	70548	1770	10844	7264
28	2020-02-17	72436	1868	12552	6242
29	2020-02-18	74185	2004	14376	5248
30	2020-02-19	75002	2118	16157	4922
31	2020-02-20	75891	2236	18266	5206
32	2020-02-21	76288	2345	20659	5365
33	2020-02-22	76741	2442	22888	4148
34	2020-02-23	77150	2592	24734	3434
35	2020-02-24	77658	2663	27323	2824
36	2020-02-25	78064	2715	29745	2491

data_world_covid19 = pd.read_excel("covid19_data.xls",sheet_name="data_world")
data_world_covid19

	country	confirm	dead	heal	suspect
0	中国	78630	2747	32546	2358
1	日本	894	7	23	0
2	泰国	40	0	22	0
3	新加坡	93	0	62	0
4	韩国	1595	13	24	0
5	澳大利亚	23	0	0	0
6	德国	26	0	15	0
7	美国	60	0	0	0
8	马来西亚	22	0	7	0
9	越南	16	0	16	0
10	法国	18	2	11	0
11	阿联酋	13	0	3	0
12	加拿大	12	0	4	0
13	印度	3	0	0	0
14	英国	13	0	8	0
15	意大利	470	12	3	0
16	俄罗斯	2	0	0	0
17	菲律宾	3	1	0	0
18	芬兰	2	0	0	0
19	尼泊尔	1	0	0	0
20	西班牙	13	0	2	0
21	斯里兰卡	1	0	0	0
22	柬埔寨	1	0	0	0
23	瑞典	1	0	0	0
24	比利时	1	0	0	0
25	伊朗	139	19	49	320
26	以色列	6	0	1	0
27	黎巴嫩	1	0	0	0
28	伊拉克	5	0	0	0
29	阿富汗	1	0	0	0
30	科威特	26	0	0	0
31	巴林	26	0	0	0
32	阿曼	4	0	0	0
33	克罗地亚	1	0	0	0
34	奥地利	2	0	0	0
35	瑞士	1	0	0	0
36	阿尔及利亚	1	0	0	0
37	巴西	1	0	0	0
38	希腊	1	0	0	0
39	巴基斯坦	2	0	0	0
40	格鲁吉亚	1	0	0	0
41	挪威	1	0	0	0
42	罗马尼亚	1	0	0	0

读取当前各省数据

#读取疫情数据、数据格式变换
df = pd.read_excel(r'covid19_data.xls',sheet_name='current_prov')  #读取当前疫情数据
df.head()

	province	confirm	dead	heal
0	湖北	65187	2615	20948
1	广东	1347	7	851
2	河南	1271	19	1032
3	浙江	1205	1	860
4	湖南	1016	4	783

province = list(df['province'])  #选取省名称，并转换成列表，目的是
pro_value = list(df['confirm'])
pr_data = [list(z) for z in zip(province,pro_value)] 
pr_data

[['湖北', 65187],
 ['广东', 1347],
 ['河南', 1271],
 ['浙江', 1205],
 ['湖南', 1016],
 ['安徽', 989],
 ['江西', 934],
 ['山东', 756],
 ['江苏', 631],
 ['重庆', 576],
 ['四川', 531],
 ['黑龙江', 480],
 ['北京', 400],
 ['上海', 336],
 ['河北', 312],
 ['福建', 294],
 ['广西', 252],
 ['陕西', 245],
 ['云南', 174],
 ['海南', 168],
 ['贵州', 146],
 ['天津', 135],
 ['山西', 133],
 ['辽宁', 121],
 ['吉林', 93],
 ['甘肃', 91],
 ['香港', 89],
 ['新疆', 76],
 ['内蒙古', 75],
 ['宁夏', 71],
 ['台湾', 32],
 ['青海', 18],
 ['澳门', 10],
 ['西藏', 1]]

用pyecharts里的map_visualmap()函数对上述数据进行疫情地图展示，让大家直观的感受到目前的疫情分布情况，作图如下所示。

epi_map = (          
       Map()
          .add("2020年2月26日", pr_data, "china")          
          .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="nCov疫情分布"),
                           visualmap_opts=opts.VisualMapOpts( 
                                   pieces=[{"min":10000, "label": '>10000人',"color": 'red'},
                                           {"min": 500, "max": 9999, "label": '500-9999人',"color": 'orange'},
                                           {"min": 100, "max": 499, "label": '100-499人',"color": 'gold'},
                                           {"min": 10, "max": 99, "label": '10-100人',"color": 'cornsilk'},
                                           {"min": 0, "max": 9, "label": '1-9人',"color": 'white'}, ], 
                                           is_piecewise=True),)
            ) 
epi_map.render('map.html') 
epi_map.render_notebook()   #jupyter下运行

在这里插入图片描述

4.2.4 excel文件的写入

xlwt写入excel文件
df.to_excel()

excelData = pd.read_excel("Athletes_info.xlsx",sheet_name="Sheet1")

excelData.head()

	name	name2	gender	nation	birth	height/cm	weight	event	native place
0	毕晓琳	Bi Xiaolin	女	中国	1989-09-18 00:00:00	NaN	NaN	足球	辽宁
1	鲍语晴	Bao Yuqing	女	中国	NaN	NaN	NaN	艺术体操	浙江
2	艾衍含	Ai Yanhan	女	中国	2002-02-07 00:00:00	NaN	NaN	游泳	湖北
3	卞卡	BIAN Ka	女	中国	1993-01-05 00:00:00	182.0	113kg	女子铅球	江苏
4	陈楠	Chen Nan	女	中国	1983-12-08 00:00:00	197.0	90kg	篮球	青岛胶南

excelData.to_excel("Athletes_infoOut2.xls",sheet_name="Sheet1",columns=['name','nation'])

D:\ProgramFiles\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\ipykernel_launcher.py:1: FutureWarning: As the xlwt package is no longer maintained, the xlwt engine will be removed in a future version of pandas. This is the only engine in pandas that supports writing in the xls format. Install openpyxl and write to an xlsx file instead. You can set the option io.excel.xls.writer to 'xlwt' to silence this warning. While this option is deprecated and will also raise a warning, it can be globally set and the warning suppressed.
  """Entry point for launching an IPython kernel.

4.3 从Json文件读写

4.3.1 利用以前的方式

读取json文件为str–> str利用json.loads()转换成字典–>再利用字典使用pd.DataFrame()构建dataframe

import json

with open('Animal_species.json', encoding='utf8') as f:
    json_str = f.read()

print(json_str)

{"哺乳动物":["虎","猴子","狗","猫","鹿"],
  "鱼类动物":["龙鱼","鲶鱼","鳟鱼","章鱼","草鱼"],
  "飞禽类动物":["丹顶鹤","金雕","白鹭","鸽子","天鹅"],
  "昆虫类动物":["蝴蝶","金龟子","蜜蜂","蜻蜓","螳螂"]}

type(json_str)

str

json_str['哺乳动物']

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)

/var/folders/gv/w6mdpnf51kncpwpf7x4xvtz80000gn/T/ipykernel_845/249757702.py in <module>
----> 1 json_str['哺乳动物']


TypeError: string indices must be integers

json_dict = json.loads(json_str)
json_dict

{'哺乳动物': ['虎', '猴子', '狗', '猫', '鹿'],
 '鱼类动物': ['龙鱼', '鲶鱼', '鳟鱼', '章鱼', '草鱼'],
 '飞禽类动物': ['丹顶鹤', '金雕', '白鹭', '鸽子', '天鹅'],
 '昆虫类动物': ['蝴蝶', '金龟子', '蜜蜂', '蜻蜓', '螳螂']}

type(json_dict)

dict

json_dict['哺乳动物']

['虎', '猴子', '狗', '猫', '鹿']

import pandas as pd

pd.DataFrame(json_dict)

	哺乳动物	鱼类动物	飞禽类动物	昆虫类动物
0	虎	龙鱼	丹顶鹤	蝴蝶
1	猴子	鲶鱼	金雕	金龟子
2	狗	鳟鱼	白鹭	蜜蜂
3	猫	章鱼	鸽子	蜻蜓
4	鹿	草鱼	天鹅	螳螂

4.3.2 直接利用pandas的方法pd.read_json读取json文件

json_data = pd.read_json('Animal_species.json', encoding='utf8')
json_data

	哺乳动物	鱼类动物	飞禽类动物	昆虫类动物
0	虎	龙鱼	丹顶鹤	蝴蝶
1	猴子	鲶鱼	金雕	金龟子
2	狗	鳟鱼	白鹭	蜜蜂
3	猫	章鱼	鸽子	蜻蜓
4	鹿	草鱼	天鹅	螳螂

4.3.3 json文件的写入

json_dict

{'哺乳动物': ['虎', '猴子', '狗', '猫', '鹿'],
 '鱼类动物': ['龙鱼', '鲶鱼', '鳟鱼', '章鱼', '草鱼'],
 '飞禽类动物': ['丹顶鹤', '金雕', '白鹭', '鸽子', '天鹅'],
 '昆虫类动物': ['蝴蝶', '金龟子', '蜜蜂', '蜻蜓', '螳螂']}

type(json_dict)

dict

jsonStr = json.dumps(json_dict,ensure_ascii=False)
jsonStr

'{"哺乳动物": ["虎", "猴子", "狗", "猫", "鹿"], "鱼类动物": ["龙鱼", "鲶鱼", "鳟鱼", "章鱼", "草鱼"], "飞禽类动物": ["丹顶鹤", "金雕", "白鹭", "鸽子", "天鹅"], "昆虫类动物": ["蝴蝶", "金龟子", "蜜蜂", "蜻蜓", "螳螂"]}'

type(jsonStr)

str

with open("AnimalOut.json","w") as f:
    f.write(jsonStr)

json_data

	哺乳动物	鱼类动物	飞禽类动物	昆虫类动物
0	虎	龙鱼	丹顶鹤	蝴蝶
1	猴子	鲶鱼	金雕	金龟子
2	狗	鳟鱼	白鹭	蜜蜂
3	猫	章鱼	鸽子	蜻蜓
4	鹿	草鱼	天鹅	螳螂

json_data.to_json("AnimalOut2.json",force_ascii=False)

4.4 从Html表格中获取数据

4.4.1 从Html表格获得数据的主要注意事项

采用requests.get()获取Html数据
pd.read_html()
直读取网页中的表格数据
返回值是一个列表，列表中每个元素是一个dataframe

pandas.read_html(io, match='.+', flavor=None, header=None, index_col=None, skiprows=None, attrs=None, parse_dates=False, tupleize_cols=None, thousands=', ', encoding=None, decimal='.', converters=None, na_values=None, keep_default_na=True, displayed_only=True)

常用的参数：

io:可以是url、html文本、本地文件等；
flavor：解析器；
header：标题行；
skiprows：跳过的行；
attrs：属性，比如 attrs = {‘id’: ‘table’}；
parse_dates：解析日期

注意：返回的结果是DataFrame组成的list。

import requests

html_data = requests.get("https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/")

html_data

<Response [200]>

html_data.content

b'<!doctype html>\r\n<html>\r\n  <head>\r\n  <meta content="IE=edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible">\r\n  <meta charset="utf-8">\r\n  <title>index | TIOBE - The Software Quality Company</title>\r\n  <link href=\'//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,400,500,700\' rel=\'stylesheet\' type=\'text/css\' />\r\n  <link href=\'//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Slab:300\' rel=\'stylesheet\' type=\'text/css\' />\r\n  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/tiobe.ico" type="image/x-icon" />\r\n  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/normalize.css">\r\n  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/main_prefixed.css?1623057826709">\r\n  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/slicknav.min.css" />\r\n  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />\r\n  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery-1.8.0.release.js"></script>\r\n  <script src="/js/vendor/modernizr-2.6.2.min.js"></script>\r\n  <script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script>\r\n  <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cookieconsent2/1.0.9/cookieconsent.min.js"></script>\r\n  <script src="/js/plugins.js"></script>\r\n  <script src="/js/main.js"></script>\r\n  <script src="/js/vendor/jquery.slicknav.min.js"></script>\r\n  <script>window.jQuery || document.write(\'<script src="/js/vendor/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"><\\/script>\')</script>\r\n  <script>\r\n    $(function(){\r\n      $(\'#menu\').slicknav({appendTo:\'#siteheader, #siteheadervervolg\'});\r\n    });\r\n  </script>\r\n  <script type="text/javascript">\r\n       window.cookieconsent_options = {"message":"We use cookies to analyse our traffic and to show ads. By using our website, you agree to our use of cookies.","dismiss":"Got it!","learnMore":"More info","link":null,"theme":"/stylesheets/cookieconsent_theme.css"};\r\n  </script>\r\n    <script src="//code.highcharts.com/highcharts.js"></script>\r\n  </head>\r\n  <body>\r\n    <div id="slider" class="fullwidth cycle-slideshow" data-cycle-fx="none" data-cycle-speed="500"  data-cycle-slides="> div.slide" data-cycle-pause-on-hover="false" data-cycle-timeout="12000" data-cycle-pager=".realpager" data-cycle-prev=".prev" data-cycle-next=".next" data-starting-slide="0" style="height : 260px;">\r\n      <div class="slide cycle-slide" style="background-image: url(\'/images/slider/header_medical.jpg\'); height: 400px; "></div>\r\n      <div class="slide cycle-slide" style="background-image: url(\'/images/slider/header_aerospace.jpg\'); height: 300px; display: none;"></div>\r\n      <div class="slide cycle-slide" style="background-image: url(\'/images/slider/header_automotive.jpg\'); height: 400px; display: none;"></div>\r\n      <div class="slide cycle-slide" style="background-image: url(\'/images/slider/header_finance.jpg\'); height: 350px; display: none;"></div>\r\n      <div class="slide cycle-slide" style="background-image: url(\'/images/slider/header_logistics.jpg\'); height: 500px; display: none;"></div>\r\n    </div>\r\n    <div id="siteheadervervolg" class="clearfix">\r\n      <div id="menutopfull">\r\n        <div class="sitewidth clearfix">\r\n          <div id="menutopcontainer">\r\n            <ul id="menutop">\r\n              <li><a href="/contact/">Contact</a></li>\r\n              <li><a href="/tiobe-index/">TIOBE index</a></li>\r\n            </ul>\r\n          </div>\r\n          <div id="menutopfiller"></div>\r\n        </div>\r\n      </div>\r\n      <header class="fullwidth">\r\n        <div class="sitewidth">\r\n          <a href="/" class="ir" id="logo">TIOBE website</a>\r\n          <ul id="menu">\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/documentation/">Documentation</a>\r\n            </li>\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/tqi/definition/">Quality Standards</a>\r\n              <ul>\r\n                <li><a href="/tqi/definition/">TQI</a>\r\n                  <ul>\r\n                    <li><a href="/tqi/definition/">TQI Definition</a></li>\r\n                    <li><a href="/tqi/tqi-demo/">TQI Demo</a></li>\r\n                    <li><a href="/tqi/awards/">Awards</a></li>\r\n                    <li><a href="/tqi/changes/">Changes</a></li>\r\n                  </ul>\r\n                </li>\r\n                <li><a href="/tpm/definition/">Trusted Product Maintainability</a>\r\n                  <ul>\r\n                    <li><a href="/tpm/definition/">TPM Definition</a></li>\r\n                    <li><a href="/tpm/changes/">Changes</a></li>\r\n                  </ul>\r\n                </li>\r\n              </ul>\r\n            </li>\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/markets/customers/">Markets</a>\r\n              <ul>\r\n                <li><a href="/markets/customers/">Customers</a></li>\r\n                <li><a href="/markets/distributors/">Distributors</a></li>\r\n              </ul>\r\n            </li>\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/tics/fact-sheet/">Products</a>\r\n              <ul>\r\n                <li><a href="/tics/fact-sheet/">TICS</a></li>\r\n                <li><a href="/products/quality-assessment/">TQI Quality Assessment</a></li>\r\n                <li><a href="/tpm/definition/">TPM Maintainability Assessment</a></li>\r\n              </ul>\r\n            </li>\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/tics/fact-sheet/">TICS</a>\r\n              <ul>\r\n                <li><a href="/tics/fact-sheet/">Fact Sheet</a></li>\r\n                <li><a href="/tics/tics-framework/">TICS Framework</a></li>\r\n                <li><a href="/tics/documentation/" class="extern">Documentation</a></li>\r\n              </ul>\r\n            </li>\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/company/about/">Company</a>\r\n              <ul>\r\n                <li><a href="/company/about/">About</a></li>\r\n                <li><a href="/company/management-team/">Management Team</a></li>\r\n                <li><a href="/company/media/">Media</a></li>\r\n                <li><a href="/articles/">Blog</a></li>\r\n              </ul>\r\n            </li>\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/">Home</a>\r\n            </li>\r\n          </ul>\r\n        </div>\r\n      </header>\r\n    </div>\r\n    <section class="fullwidth offwhitebg clearfix">\r\n      <section class="sitewidth">\r\n        <div id="crumbs">\r\n        <ul>\r\n        <li><a href="/">Home</a></li>\r\n        <li>&gt;</li>\r\n        <li><a href=\'/tiobe-index/\'>TIOBE Index</a></li>\r\n        <li>&gt;</li>\r\n        <li><a href=\'\'>index</a></li>\r\n        <li></li>\r\n        </ul>\r\n        </div>        <section 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[Date.UTC(2021, 10, 6), 2.52], [Date.UTC(2021, 11, 5), 2.25], [Date.UTC(2022, 0, 1), 1.85], [Date.UTC(2022, 1, 2), 1.60], [Date.UTC(2022, 2, 2), 1.90]]}, {name : \'SQL\',data : [[Date.UTC(2001, 5, 30), 2.96], [Date.UTC(2001, 6, 30), 2.77], [Date.UTC(2001, 7, 30), 2.38], [Date.UTC(2001, 8, 28), 2.36], [Date.UTC(2001, 9, 26), 2.24], [Date.UTC(2001, 10, 28), 1.84], [Date.UTC(2001, 11, 31), 1.87], [Date.UTC(2002, 0, 30), 1.94], [Date.UTC(2002, 1, 27), 2.09], [Date.UTC(2002, 2, 29), 2.06], [Date.UTC(2002, 3, 29), 2.33], [Date.UTC(2002, 4, 29), 2.36], [Date.UTC(2002, 5, 29), 2.53], [Date.UTC(2002, 6, 31), 2.66], [Date.UTC(2002, 7, 29), 2.65], [Date.UTC(2002, 8, 29), 2.54], [Date.UTC(2002, 9, 30), 2.64], [Date.UTC(2002, 10, 29), 2.38], [Date.UTC(2002, 11, 31), 2.52], [Date.UTC(2003, 0, 31), 2.56], [Date.UTC(2003, 1, 28), 2.51], [Date.UTC(2003, 2, 31), 2.56], [Date.UTC(2003, 3, 30), 2.65], [Date.UTC(2003, 4, 30), 3.12], [Date.UTC(2003, 5, 30), 3.04], [Date.UTC(2003, 6, 31), 2.99], [Date.UTC(2003, 7, 31), 3.24], [Date.UTC(2003, 8, 30), 3.72], [Date.UTC(2003, 9, 31), 3.70], [Date.UTC(2003, 10, 30), 2.93], [Date.UTC(2003, 11, 31), 3.10], [Date.UTC(2004, 0, 31), 3.51], [Date.UTC(2004, 1, 29), 3.10], [Date.UTC(2004, 2, 31), 2.97], [Date.UTC(2004, 3, 30), 2.44], [Date.UTC(2018, 1, 8), 2.36], [Date.UTC(2018, 2, 7), 2.69], [Date.UTC(2018, 3, 1), 2.65], [Date.UTC(2018, 4, 6), 1.99], [Date.UTC(2018, 5, 10), 2.34], [Date.UTC(2018, 6, 7), 2.33], [Date.UTC(2018, 7, 1), 2.32], [Date.UTC(2018, 8, 3), 2.06], [Date.UTC(2018, 9, 5), 2.04], [Date.UTC(2018, 10, 8), 1.84], [Date.UTC(2018, 11, 2), 2.18], [Date.UTC(2019, 0, 4), 2.28], [Date.UTC(2019, 1, 6), 1.90], [Date.UTC(2019, 2, 2), 1.93], [Date.UTC(2019, 3, 7), 2.27], [Date.UTC(2019, 4, 4), 2.56], [Date.UTC(2019, 5, 9), 2.22], [Date.UTC(2019, 6, 6), 1.98], [Date.UTC(2019, 7, 5), 1.63], [Date.UTC(2019, 8, 9), 1.94], [Date.UTC(2019, 9, 5), 1.93], [Date.UTC(2019, 10, 3), 1.69], [Date.UTC(2019, 11, 6), 1.84], [Date.UTC(2020, 0, 5), 1.50], [Date.UTC(2020, 1, 4), 1.53], [Date.UTC(2020, 2, 4), 1.83], [Date.UTC(2020, 3, 2), 2.17], [Date.UTC(2020, 4, 2), 2.09], [Date.UTC(2020, 5, 1), 1.73], [Date.UTC(2020, 6, 4), 1.40], [Date.UTC(2020, 7, 2), 1.46], [Date.UTC(2020, 8, 6), 1.76], [Date.UTC(2020, 9, 4), 1.57], [Date.UTC(2020, 10, 3), 1.54], [Date.UTC(2020, 11, 3), 1.53], [Date.UTC(2021, 0, 2), 1.61], [Date.UTC(2021, 1, 6), 1.72], [Date.UTC(2021, 2, 4), 1.87], [Date.UTC(2021, 3, 4), 1.83], [Date.UTC(2021, 4, 2), 1.71], [Date.UTC(2021, 5, 5), 1.88], [Date.UTC(2021, 6, 4), 1.53], [Date.UTC(2021, 7, 3), 1.47], [Date.UTC(2021, 8, 11), 1.80], [Date.UTC(2021, 9, 6), 2.17], [Date.UTC(2021, 10, 6), 2.11], [Date.UTC(2021, 11, 5), 1.79], [Date.UTC(2022, 0, 1), 1.80], [Date.UTC(2022, 1, 2), 1.55], [Date.UTC(2022, 2, 2), 1.85]]}\r\n    ]\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n</script>\r\n<div align="center">\r\n<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>\r\n<!-- Horizontal_Display_Responsive_Ad -->\r\n<ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-8520506242739182" data-ad-slot="4917108898" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n</script>\r\n</div>\r\n<a href="./rss.xml">\r\n  <img style="float:right" src="/images/rss_logo.gif" border="0" alt="rss" title="RSS Feed">\r\n</a>\r\n<h2><b>TIOBE Index for March 2022</b></h2>\r\n<h3>March Headline: Lua is back in the TIOBE index top 20</h3>\r\n<p>\r\nScripting language Lua is back in the top 20 of the TIOBE index. In its heyday in 2011, Lua briefly touched a top 10 position. Whether this is going to happen again is unknown. But it is clear that Lua is catching up in the game development market: easy to learn, fast to execute, and simple to interface with C. This makes Lua a perfect candidate for this job. One of the drivers behind the recent success of Lua is the very popular gaming platform Roblox, which uses Lua as its main programming language. --<i>Paul Jansen CEO TIOBE Software</i>\r\n</p> \r\n<p>The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of programming \r\nlanguages. The index is updated once a month. The ratings are based on the number of \r\nskilled engineers world-wide, courses and third party vendors. Popular search engines such as\r\nGoogle, Bing, Yahoo!, Wikipedia, Amazon, YouTube and Baidu are used to calculate the ratings.\r\nIt is important to note that the TIOBE index is not about the <i>best</i> programming language or the language\r\nin which <i>most lines of code</i> have been written.</p>\r\n<p>The index can be used to check whether your programming skills are still up to date or to make a \r\nstrategic decision about what programming language should be adopted when starting to build a new \r\nsoftware system. The definition of the TIOBE index can be found <a href="./programming-languages-definition/">here</a>.\r\n</p>\r\n<table id="top20" class="table table-striped table-top20">\r\n<thead><tr>\r\n<th style="width: 15%">Mar 2022</th>\r\n<th style="width: 15%">Mar 2021</th>\r\n<th title="Difference compared to last year" style="width: 15%">Change</th>\r\n<th style="width: 25%" colspan="2">Programming Language</th>\r\n<th style="width: 15%">Ratings</th>\r\n<th title="Difference compared to last year" style="width: 15%">Change</th>\r\n</tr></thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr><td>1</td><td>3</td><td><img src="/images/up.png" alt="change"></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/Python.png" alt="Python page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>Python</td><td>14.26%</td><td>+3.95%</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>1</td><td><img src="/images/down.png" alt="change"></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/C.png" alt="C page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>C</td><td>13.06%</td><td>-2.27%</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>2</td><td><img src="/images/down.png" alt="change"></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/Java.png" alt="Java page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>Java</td><td>11.19%</td><td>+0.74%</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>4</td><td></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/C__.png" alt="C++ page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>C++</td><td>8.66%</td><td>+2.14%</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>5</td><td></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/C_.png" alt="C# page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>C#</td><td>5.92%</td><td>+0.95%</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>6</td><td></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/Visual_Basic.png" alt="Visual Basic page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>Visual Basic</td><td>5.77%</td><td>+0.91%</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>7</td><td></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/JavaScript.png" alt="JavaScript page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>JavaScript</td><td>2.09%</td><td>-0.03%</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>8</td><td></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/PHP.png" alt="PHP page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>PHP</td><td>1.92%</td><td>-0.15%</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>9</td><td></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/Assembly_language.png" alt="Assembly language page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>Assembly language</td><td>1.90%</td><td>-0.07%</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>10</td><td></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/SQL.png" alt="SQL page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>SQL</td><td>1.85%</td><td>-0.02%</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>13</td><td><img src="/images/up.png" alt="change"></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/R.png" alt="R page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>R</td><td>1.37%</td><td>+0.12%</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>14</td><td><img src="/images/up.png" alt="change"></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/Delphi_Object_Pascal.png" alt="Delphi/Object Pascal page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>Delphi/Object Pascal</td><td>1.12%</td><td>-0.07%</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>11</td><td><img src="/images/down.png" alt="change"></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/Go.png" alt="Go page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>Go</td><td>0.98%</td><td>-0.33%</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>19</td><td><img src="/images/upup.png" alt="change"></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/Swift.png" alt="Swift page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>Swift</td><td>0.90%</td><td>-0.05%</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>18</td><td><img src="/images/up.png" alt="change"></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/MATLAB.png" alt="MATLAB page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>MATLAB</td><td>0.80%</td><td>-0.23%</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>16</td><td></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/Ruby.png" alt="Ruby page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>Ruby</td><td>0.66%</td><td>-0.52%</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>12</td><td><img src="/images/downdown.png" alt="change"></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/Classic_Visual_Basic.png" alt="Classic Visual Basic page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>Classic Visual Basic</td><td>0.60%</td><td>-0.66%</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>20</td><td><img src="/images/up.png" alt="change"></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/Objective_C.png" alt="Objective-C page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>Objective-C</td><td>0.59%</td><td>-0.31%</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>17</td><td><img src="/images/down.png" alt="change"></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/Perl.png" alt="Perl page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>Perl</td><td>0.57%</td><td>-0.58%</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>38</td><td><img src="/images/upup.png" alt="change"></td><td class="td-top20"><img src="images/Lua.png" alt="Lua page" style="vertical-align:middle"></td><td>Lua</td><td>0.56%</td><td>+0.23%</td></tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<div align="center">\r\n<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>\r\n<!-- Horizontal_Display_Responsive_Ad -->\r\n<ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-8520506242739182" data-ad-slot="4917108898" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n</script>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="container" style="width:100%; height:450px;"></div>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>Other programming languages</h2>\r\n<p>The complete top 50 of programming languages is listed below. This overview is \r\npublished unofficially, because it could be the case that we missed a language. If\r\nyou have the impression there is a programming language lacking, please notify us \r\nat <a href="mailto:tpci@tiobe.com">tpci@tiobe.com</a>. Please also check the <a href="./programming-languages-definition/#instances">overview of all programming languages</a> that we monitor.</p>\r\n\r\n<table id="otherPL" class="table table-striped">\r\n<thead><tr><th>Position</th><th>Programming Language</th><th>Ratings</th></tr></thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr><td>21</td><td>Prolog</td><td>0.55%</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>COBOL</td><td>0.54%</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>Scratch</td><td>0.53%</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>SAS</td><td>0.52%</td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>Groovy</td><td>0.52%</td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>Rust</td><td>0.51%</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>(Visual) FoxPro</td><td>0.50%</td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>Ada</td><td>0.42%</td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td>PL/SQL</td><td>0.39%</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>Fortran</td><td>0.39%</td></tr><tr><td>31</td><td>Kotlin</td><td>0.38%</td></tr><tr><td>32</td><td>Julia</td><td>0.32%</td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td>Lisp</td><td>0.31%</td></tr><tr><td>34</td><td>VBScript</td><td>0.31%</td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>Dart</td><td>0.26%</td></tr><tr><td>36</td><td>Scala</td><td>0.25%</td></tr><tr><td>37</td><td>D</td><td>0.25%</td></tr><tr><td>38</td><td>Transact-SQL</td><td>0.22%</td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>RPG</td><td>0.22%</td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>TypeScript</td><td>0.22%</td></tr><tr><td>41</td><td>PowerShell</td><td>0.21%</td></tr><tr><td>42</td><td>ABAP</td><td>0.20%</td></tr><tr><td>43</td><td>Awk</td><td>0.18%</td></tr><tr><td>44</td><td>VHDL</td><td>0.17%</td></tr><tr><td>45</td><td>Simulink</td><td>0.17%</td></tr><tr><td>46</td><td>OpenEdge ABL</td><td>0.16%</td></tr><tr><td>47</td><td>Clojure</td><td>0.16%</td></tr><tr><td>48</td><td>Logo</td><td>0.16%</td></tr><tr><td>49</td><td>Haskell</td><td>0.15%</td></tr><tr><td>50</td><td>LabVIEW</td><td>0.14%</td></tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>The Next 50 Programming Languages</h2>\r\n<p>The following list of languages denotes #51 to #100. Since the differences are \r\nrelatively small, the programming languages are only listed (in alphabetical\r\norder).\r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\t\t\r\nABC, ActionScript, Alice, Apex, ATLAS, Bash, bc, BCPL, Boo, Bourne shell, C shell, CL (OS/400), Clipper, CLIPS, CoffeeScript, DCL, DiBOL, Dylan, ECMAScript, Eiffel, Elm, EXEC, F#, Factor, GML, Hack, Harbour, Haxe, Icon, IDL, Io, J#, Korn shell, Ladder Logic, LiveCode, LPC, ML, Monkey, OCaml, OpenCL, Oz, Processing, Q, Racket, REXX, Ring, S-PLUS, Scheme, SPARK, Tcl\r\n</li></ul><p></p>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>This Month&apos;s Changes in the Index</h2>\r\n<p>This month the following changes have been made to the definition of the index:\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>                                                                                                                                                                          \r\nTzvetelin Katchov observed that &quot;Elisp&quot; has been incorrectly spelled &quot;Elips&quot; for many years in the TIOBE index definition. This has been fixed now. Thanks Tzvetelin! \r\n</li>\r\n<li>                                                                                                                                                                          \r\nThere are lots of mails that still need to be processed. As soon as there is more time available your mail will be answered. Please be patient. \r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<hr>\r\n</p><h2>Very Long Term History</h2>\r\n<p>\r\nTo see the bigger picture, please find below the positions of the top 10 programming languages of many years back. Please note that these are <i>average</i> positions for a period of 12 months.</p> \r\n<table id="VLTH" class="table table-striped">\r\n<thead><tr><th>Programming Language</th><th>2022</th><th>2017</th><th>2012</th><th>2007</th><th>2002</th><th>1997</th><th>1992</th><th>1987</th></tr></thead>\r\n<tr><td>C</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Python</td><td>2</td><td>5</td><td>8</td><td>7</td><td>12</td><td>28</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Java</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>14</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>C++</td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>C#</td><td>5</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>8</td><td>14</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Visual Basic</td><td>6</td><td>15</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>JavaScript</td><td>7</td><td>7</td><td>10</td><td>9</td><td>9</td><td>21</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Assembly language</td><td>8</td><td>10</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>PHP</td><td>9</td><td>6</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>8</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>SQL</td><td>10</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>34</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Fortran</td><td>20</td><td>27</td><td>26</td><td>21</td><td>24</td><td>16</td><td>3</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Prolog</td><td>24</td><td>34</td><td>42</td><td>27</td><td>25</td><td>19</td><td>14</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Lisp</td><td>31</td><td>31</td><td>13</td><td>14</td><td>10</td><td>9</td><td>11</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>(Visual) Basic</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>7</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>7</td><td>5</td></tr>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>There are 2 important remarks here:</p> \r\n<ol><li>There is a difference between &quot;Visual Basic&quot; and &quot;(Visual) Basic&quot; in the table above. Until 2010, &quot;(Visual) Basic&quot; referred to all possible dialects of Basic, including Visual Basic. After some discussion, it has been decided to split &quot;(Visual) Basic&quot; into all its dialects such as Visual Basic .NET, Classic Visual Basic, PureBasic, and Small Basic, just to name a few. Since Visual Basic .NET has become the major implementation of Visual Basic, it is now called &quot;Visual Basic&quot;.</li><li>The programming language SQL has not been in the TIOBE index for a long time. In 2018, somebody pointed out that SQL is Turing Complete. From that moment on, SQL is part of the TIOBE index. So although this language is very old, it has only a short history in the index.</li></ol>  \r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>Programming Language Hall of Fame</h2>\r\n<p>The hall of fame listing all &quot;Programming Language of the Year&quot; award winners is shown below. The award is given to the programming language that has the highest rise in ratings in a year.\r\n<br><br>\r\n<table id="PLHoF" class="table table-striped"><colgroup><col align="center"><col align="center"><tr><th nowrap align="center">Year</th><th nowrap align="center">Winner</th></tr><tr><td>2021</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Python</td></tr><tr><td>2020</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Python</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> C</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Python</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> C</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Go</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Java</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> JavaScript</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Transact-SQL</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Objective-C</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Objective-C</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Python</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Go</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> C</td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Python</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Ruby</td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> Java</td></tr><tr><td>2004</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> PHP</td></tr><tr><td>2003</td><td><img src="/images/medal.png" alt="medal"> C++</td></tr></colgroup></table>\r\n</p>\r\n\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>Bugs &amp; Change Requests</h2>\r\n<p>This is the top 5 of most requested changes and bugs. If you have any suggestions how to improve the index don&apos;t hesitate to send an e-mail to <a href="mailto:tpci@tiobe.com">tpci@tiobe.com</a>.</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>\r\nApart from &quot;&lt;language&gt; programming&quot;, also other queries such as &quot;programming with &lt;language&gt;&quot;, &quot;&lt;language&gt; development&quot; and &quot;&lt;language&gt; coding&quot; should be tried out.\r\n</li>\r\n<li>\r\nAdd queries for other natural languages (apart from English). The idea is to start with the Chinese search engine Baidu. This has been implemented partially and will be completed the next few months.\r\n</li>\r\n<li>\r\nAdd a list of all search term requests that have been rejected. This is to minimize the number of recurring mails about Rails, JQuery, JSP, etc.\r\n</li>\r\n<li>\r\nStart a TIOBE index for databases, software configuration management systems and application frameworks.\r\n</li>\r\n<li>\r\nSome search engines allow to query pages that have been added last year. The TIOBE index should only track those recently added pages.\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p></p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<i>Q: Am I allowed to show the TIOBE index in my weblog/presentation/publication?</i>\r\n<p>A: Yes, the only condition is to refer to its original source &quot;www.tiobe.com&quot;.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li>\r\n<i>Q: How may I nominate a new language to be added to the TIOBE index?</i>\r\n<p>A: If a language meets the criteria of being listed (i.e. it is Turing complete and has an own Wikipedia entry that indicates that it concerns a programming language) and it is sufficiently popular (more than 5,000 hits for +&quot;&lt;language&gt; programming&quot; for Google), then please write an e-mail to <a href="mailto:tpci@tiobe.com">tpci@tiobe.com</a>.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li>\r\n<i>Q: I would like to have the complete data set of the TIOBE index. Is this possible?</i>\r\n<p>A: We spent a lot of effort to obtain all the data and keep the TIOBE index up to date. \r\nIn order to compensate a bit for this, we ask a fee of 5,000 US$ for the complete data set. \r\nThe data set runs from June 2001 till today. It started with 25 languages back in 2001, and \r\nnow measures more than 150 languages once a month. The data are available in comma separated \r\nformat. Please contact <a href="mailto:sales@tiobe.com"> sales@tiobe.com</a> for more information.</p>\r\n</li><li>\r\n<i>Q: Why is the maximum taken to calculate the ranking for a grouping, why not the sum?</i>\r\n<p>A: Well, you can do it either way and both are wrong. If you take the sum, then you get the intersection \r\ntwice. If you take the max, then you miss the difference. Which one to choose? Suppose somebody comes up with a new search term that is 10% of \r\nthe original. If you take the max, nothing changes. If you take the sum then the ratings will rise 10%. So \r\ntaking the sum will be an incentive for some to come up with all kinds of obscure terms for a language. That&apos;s \r\nwhy we decided to take the max.</p>\r\n<p>The proper way to solve this is is of course to take the sum and subtract the intersection. This will give \r\nrise to an explosion of extra queries that must be performed. Suppose a language has a grouping of 15 terms, \r\nthen you have to perform 32,768 queries (all combinations of intersections). \r\nSo this seems not possible either... If somebody has a solution for this, please let us know.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li>\r\n<i>Q: What happened to Java in April 2004? Did you change your methodology?</i>\r\n<p>A: No, we did not change our methodology at that time. Google changed its methodology. \r\nThey performed a general sweep action to get rid of all kinds of web sites that had been \r\npushed up. As a consequence, there was a huge drop for languages such as Java and C++. In \r\norder to minimize such fluctuations in the future, we added two more search engines (MSN \r\nand Yahoo) a few months after this incident.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n          </article>\r\n        </section>\r\n        <div id="news" class="sitewidth whitebg padblock clearfix">\r\n          <a href="/news/" class="right link">More news</a>\r\n          <h1>Latest news</h1>\r\n          <hr>\r\n          <div class="newsitems">\r\n            <a href="/tqi/awards/"  class="clearfix">\r\n              <img src="/images/news/philips.png" width="60" height="60" alt="news image">\r\n              <div>\r\n                <time datetime="">April 2022</time>\r\n                <h3>Philips wins TIOBE QA Award</h3>\r\n                <p>The Rhy2020 project has the best TIOBE Quality Indicator (TQI) score of more than 5,300 industrial projects.</p>\r\n              </div>\r\n            </a>\r\n            <a href="https://www.delem.com/en/home" target="_blank" class="clearfix">\r\n              <img src="/images/news/delem.png" width="60" height="60" alt="news image">\r\n              <div>\r\n                <time datetime="">February 2022</time>\r\n                <h3>Delem checks code quality</h3>\r\n                <p>CNC control company Delem starts using TIOBE&#x27;s TiCS framework to measure its code quality.</p>\r\n              </div>\r\n            </a>\r\n            <a href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu" target="_blank" class="clearfix">\r\n              <img src="/images/news/ECB.png" width="60" height="60" alt="news image">\r\n              <div>\r\n                <time datetime="">January 2022</time>\r\n                <h3>ECB assessment</h3>\r\n                <p>TIOBE has conducted a TUViT Trusted Product Maintainability assessment for the European Central Bank (ECB).</p>\r\n              </div>\r\n            </a>\r\n          </div>\r\n        </div>\r\n      </section>\r\n    </section>\r\n    <div class="fullwidth graybg">\r\n      <footer class="sitewidth">\r\n        <div class="row clearfix">\r\n          <a href="/" class="ir" id="footerlogo">TIOBE website</a>\r\n          <ul id="footermenu">\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/documentation/">Documentation</a>\r\n            </li>\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/tqi/definition/">TQI</a>\r\n            </li>\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/markets/customers/">Markets</a>\r\n            </li>\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/tics/fact-sheet/">Products</a>\r\n            </li>\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/tics/fact-sheet/">TICS</a>\r\n            </li>\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/company/about/">Company</a>\r\n            </li>\r\n            <li>\r\n              <a href="/">Home</a>\r\n            </li>\r\n          </ul>\r\n        </div>\r\n        <div class="row clearfix">\r\n          <div class="quote">\r\n            TIOBE checks more than 1056 million lines of software code for its customers world-wide, realtime, each day.\r\n          </div>\r\n          <div class="zoeken">\r\n            <form method="get" action="/search">\r\n              <input type="text" name="s" class="input" placeholder="Search"><input type="submit" value="" class="searchbutton">\r\n            </form>\r\n          </div>\r\n        </div>\r\n        <hr>\r\n        <div class="row clearfix" id="adres">\r\n          <div class="contact-footer-desktop">\r\n            <div class="adres left">Victory House II, Esp 401, 5633 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands</div>\r\n            <div class="tel left">+31 40 400 2800</div>\r\n            <div class="mail left"><a href="mailto:info@tiobe.com">info@tiobe.com</a></div>\r\n          </div>\r\n          <div class="contact-footer-mobile">\r\n            <ul>\r\n              <li>Victory House II</li>\r\n              <li>Esp 401</li>\r\n              <li>5633 AJ Eindhoven</li>\r\n              <li>The Netherlands</li>\r\n              <li>+31 40 400 2800</li>\r\n              <li><a href="mailto:info@tiobe.com">info@tiobe.com</a></li>\r\n            </ul>\r\n          </div>\r\n        </div>\r\n        <hr>\r\n        <div class="row clearfix" id="disclaimer">\r\n          <div class="copy left">&copy; 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# 获取该网页的所有数据表格
html_tables = pd.read_html(html_data.content,encoding='utf-8')

type(html_tables)

list

len(html_tables)

html_tables[0]

	Mar 2022	Mar 2021	Change	Programming Language	Programming Language.1	Ratings	Change.1
0	1	3	NaN	NaN	Python	14.26%	+3.95%
1	2	1	NaN	NaN	C	13.06%	-2.27%
2	3	2	NaN	NaN	Java	11.19%	+0.74%
3	4	4	NaN	NaN	C++	8.66%	+2.14%
4	5	5	NaN	NaN	C#	5.92%	+0.95%
5	6	6	NaN	NaN	Visual Basic	5.77%	+0.91%
6	7	7	NaN	NaN	JavaScript	2.09%	-0.03%
7	8	8	NaN	NaN	PHP	1.92%	-0.15%
8	9	9	NaN	NaN	Assembly language	1.90%	-0.07%
9	10	10	NaN	NaN	SQL	1.85%	-0.02%
10	11	13	NaN	NaN	R	1.37%	+0.12%
11	12	14	NaN	NaN	Delphi/Object Pascal	1.12%	-0.07%
12	13	11	NaN	NaN	Go	0.98%	-0.33%
13	14	19	NaN	NaN	Swift	0.90%	-0.05%
14	15	18	NaN	NaN	MATLAB	0.80%	-0.23%
15	16	16	NaN	NaN	Ruby	0.66%	-0.52%
16	17	12	NaN	NaN	Classic Visual Basic	0.60%	-0.66%
17	18	20	NaN	NaN	Objective-C	0.59%	-0.31%
18	19	17	NaN	NaN	Perl	0.57%	-0.58%
19	20	38	NaN	NaN	Lua	0.56%	+0.23%

html_tables[1].head()

	Position	Programming Language	Ratings
0	21	Prolog	0.55%
1	22	COBOL	0.54%
2	23	Scratch	0.53%
3	24	SAS	0.52%
4	25	Groovy	0.52%

4.4.2 利用pandas.read_html()爬取天气网页数据

实现上学期所学python爬虫类似功能

import requests

html_data = requests.get("http://www.weather.com.cn/textFC/hb.shtml")
html_tables = pd.read_html(html_data.content)
len(html_tables)

html_tables[0]

	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
0	省/直辖市	城市	周一(4月11日)白天	周一(4月11日)白天	周一(4月11日)白天	周一(4月11日)夜间	周一(4月11日)夜间	周一(4月11日)夜间	NaN
1	省/直辖市	城市	天气现象	风向风力	最高气温	天气现象	风向风力	最低气温	NaN
2	北京	北京	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	14	详情
3	北京	海淀	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	13	详情
4	北京	朝阳	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	14	详情
5	北京	顺义	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	14	详情
6	北京	怀柔	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	13	详情
7	北京	通州	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	12	详情
8	北京	昌平	-	- -	-	扬沙	西北风 <3级	12	详情
9	北京	延庆	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 <3级	9	详情
10	北京	丰台	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	14	详情
11	北京	石景山	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	12	详情
12	北京	大兴	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	12	详情
13	北京	房山	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	13	详情
14	北京	密云	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	10	详情
15	北京	门头沟	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	13	详情
16	北京	平谷	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 <3级	11	详情
17	北京	东城	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	14	详情
18	北京	西城	-	- -	-	扬沙	北风 3-4级	13	详情

html_tables[1]

	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
0	省/直辖市	城市	周四(4月7日)白天	周四(4月7日)白天	周四(4月7日)白天	周四(4月7日)夜间	周四(4月7日)夜间	周四(4月7日)夜间	NaN
1	省/直辖市	城市	天气现象	风向风力	最高气温	天气现象	风向风力	最低气温	NaN
2	天津	天津	晴	南风 <3级	23	晴	南风 <3级	10	详情
3	天津	武清	晴	南风 <3级	23	晴	东南风 <3级	9	详情
4	天津	宝坻	晴	南风 <3级	22	晴	东风 <3级	9	详情
5	天津	东丽	晴	东南风 <3级	22	晴	南风 <3级	10	详情
6	天津	西青	晴	南风 <3级	23	晴	南风 <3级	10	详情
7	天津	北辰	晴	南风 <3级	23	晴	南风 <3级	10	详情
8	天津	宁河	晴	南风 3-4级	20	晴	东南风 3-4级	8	详情
9	天津	和平	晴	南风 <3级	23	晴	南风 <3级	10	详情
10	天津	静海	晴	西南风 <3级	23	晴	南风 <3级	9	详情
11	天津	津南	晴	东南风 <3级	22	晴	南风 <3级	10	详情
12	天津	滨海新区	晴	东南风 4-5级	20	晴	南风 4-5级	10	详情
13	天津	河东	晴	南风 <3级	23	晴	南风 <3级	10	详情
14	天津	河西	晴	南风 <3级	23	晴	南风 <3级	10	详情
15	天津	蓟州	晴	西南风 <3级	22	晴	东北风 <3级	8	详情
16	天津	南开	晴	南风 <3级	23	晴	南风 <3级	10	详情
17	天津	河北	晴	南风 <3级	23	晴	南风 <3级	10	详情
18	天津	红桥	晴	南风 <3级	23	晴	南风 <3级	10	详情

html_tables[2]

	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
0	省/直辖市	城市	周四(4月7日)白天	周四(4月7日)白天	周四(4月7日)白天	周四(4月7日)夜间	周四(4月7日)夜间	周四(4月7日)夜间	NaN
1	省/直辖市	城市	天气现象	风向风力	最高气温	天气现象	风向风力	最低气温	NaN
2	河北	石家庄	晴	南风 3-4级	24	晴	北风 <3级	10	详情
3	河北	保定	晴	西南风 <3级	25	晴	西南风 <3级	7	详情
4	河北	张家口	晴	东南风 3-4级	24	晴	东南风 <3级	9	详情
5	河北	承德	晴	南风 <3级	22	晴	东南风 <3级	4	详情
6	河北	唐山	晴	西南风 <3级	21	晴	南风 <3级	4	详情
7	河北	廊坊	晴	南风 <3级	24	晴	南风 <3级	9	详情
8	河北	沧州	晴	西南风 3-4级	24	晴	南风 3-4级	6	详情
9	河北	衡水	晴	西南风 <3级	24	晴	南风 <3级	9	详情
10	河北	邢台	晴	东南风 <3级	23	晴	西南风 <3级	11	详情
11	河北	邯郸	晴	南风 <3级	22	晴	南风 <3级	10	详情
12	河北	秦皇岛	晴	西南风 3-4级	18	晴	东风 3-4级	4	详情
13	河北	雄安新区	晴	南风 3-4级	26	晴	南风 3-4级	8	详情

html_tables[3]

	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
0	省/直辖市	城市	周四(4月7日)白天	周四(4月7日)白天	周四(4月7日)白天	周四(4月7日)夜间	周四(4月7日)夜间	周四(4月7日)夜间	NaN
1	省/直辖市	城市	天气现象	风向风力	最高气温	天气现象	风向风力	最低气温	NaN
2	山西	太原	晴	南风 <3级	24	晴	东南风 <3级	3	详情
3	山西	大同	晴	西风 3-4级	22	晴	西风 <3级	3	详情
4	山西	阳泉	晴	西风 3-4级	25	晴	西风 <3级	8	详情
5	山西	晋中	晴	西南风 <3级	23	晴	东南风 <3级	6	详情
6	山西	长治	晴	南风 3-4级	23	晴	南风 3-4级	9	详情
7	山西	晋城	晴	南风 3-4级	25	晴	东南风 <3级	9	详情
8	山西	临汾	晴	西南风 <3级	29	晴	北风 <3级	11	详情
9	山西	运城	晴	东风 <3级	29	晴	东南风 <3级	13	详情
10	山西	朔州	晴	西风 3-4级	22	晴	西南风 <3级	4	详情
11	山西	忻州	晴	东南风 <3级	24	晴	西南风 <3级	5	详情
12	山西	吕梁	晴	西风 3-4级	25	晴	东风 <3级	8	详情

html_tables[4]

	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
0	省/直辖市	城市	周四(4月7日)白天	周四(4月7日)白天	周四(4月7日)白天	周四(4月7日)夜间	周四(4月7日)夜间	周四(4月7日)夜间	NaN
1	省/直辖市	城市	天气现象	风向风力	最高气温	天气现象	风向风力	最低气温	NaN
2	内蒙古	呼和浩特	晴	西风 3-4级	23	晴	西风 4-5级	5	详情
3	内蒙古	包头	晴	西南风 3-4级	23	晴	西南风 <3级	4	详情
4	内蒙古	乌海	晴	西南风 3-4级	25	晴	西南风 3-4级	8	详情
5	内蒙古	乌兰察布	晴	西风 4-5级	18	晴	西风 4-5级	6	详情
6	内蒙古	通辽	晴	西北风 <3级	12	晴	西南风 4-5级	5	详情
7	内蒙古	赤峰	晴	北风 3-4级	17	晴	西南风 <3级	6	详情
8	内蒙古	鄂尔多斯	晴	西南风 3-4级	21	晴	西南风 3-4级	8	详情
9	内蒙古	巴彦淖尔	晴	西风 <3级	25	晴	西风 <3级	8	详情
10	内蒙古	锡林郭勒	晴	西南风 4-5级	18	晴	西南风 4-5级	4	详情
11	内蒙古	呼伦贝尔	多云	西南风 4-5级	6	多云	西南风 3-4级	-4	详情
12	内蒙古	兴安盟	晴	西北风 3-4级	12	晴	西南风 4-5级	1	详情
13	内蒙古	阿拉善盟	晴	西北风 3-4级	22	晴	西北风 3-4级	9	详情

html_tables[5]

	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
0	省/直辖市	城市	周五(4月8日)白天	周五(4月8日)白天	周五(4月8日)白天	周五(4月8日)夜间	周五(4月8日)夜间	周五(4月8日)夜间	NaN
1	省/直辖市	城市	天气现象	风向风力	最高气温	天气现象	风向风力	最低气温	NaN
2	北京	北京	晴	西南风 <3级	27	晴	北风 <3级	12	详情
3	北京	海淀	晴	南风 <3级	26	晴	北风 <3级	11	详情
4	北京	朝阳	晴	南风 <3级	26	晴	北风 <3级	13	详情
5	北京	顺义	晴	东南风 <3级	26	晴	东北风 <3级	12	详情
6	北京	怀柔	晴	北风 <3级	24	晴	东北风 <3级	11	详情
7	北京	通州	晴	南风 <3级	26	晴	东风 <3级	13	详情
8	北京	昌平	晴	东南风 <3级	26	晴	西北风 <3级	11	详情
9	北京	延庆	晴	东南风 <3级	23	晴	北风 <3级	10	详情
10	北京	丰台	晴	西南风 <3级	26	晴	北风 <3级	13	详情
11	北京	石景山	晴	南风 <3级	25	晴	北风 <3级	11	详情
12	北京	大兴	晴	西南风 <3级	26	晴	北风 <3级	13	详情
13	北京	房山	晴	西南风 <3级	26	晴	东北风 <3级	11	详情
14	北京	密云	晴	南风 <3级	24	晴	东北风 <3级	9	详情
15	北京	门头沟	晴	南风 <3级	26	晴	北风 <3级	13	详情
16	北京	平谷	晴	南风 <3级	26	晴	东北风 <3级	12	详情
17	北京	东城	晴	南风 <3级	26	晴	北风 <3级	13	详情
18	北京	西城	晴	南风 <3级	26	晴	北风 <3级	11	详情

4.5 从数据库获取

import pandas as pd
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine('mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/ttsx')
# 如果出现警告可使用如下（需使用pip安装mysql-connector-python）
# engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqlconnector://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/ttsx')
# 通过数据表名读取数据库的数据
category_data = pd.read_sql('goodscategory', engine)
# 也可以通过SQL语句读取数据库的数据
# sql = "select * from goodscategory"
# category = pd.read_sql(sql,engine)
category_data

	id	cag_name	cag_css	cag_img
0	1	时令水果	fruit	images/banner01.jpg
1	2	海鲜水产	seafood	images/banner02.jpg
2	3	全品肉类	meet	images/banner03.jpg
3	4	美味蛋品	egg	images/banner04.jpg
4	5	新鲜蔬菜	vegetables	images/banner05.jpg
5	6	低温奶制品	ice	images/banner06.jpg

4.6 从word文件获取

4.6.1 python-docx的安装

pip install python-docx

4.6.2 python-docx数据获取的使用

from docx import Document

# 创建document类对象
myDocx = Document("集合介绍.docx")

myDocx

<docx.document.Document at 0x7fd85b0f9600>

# 获取段落对象
paragraphs = myDocx.paragraphs

paragraphs

[<docx.text.paragraph.Paragraph at 0x7fd85c2dd5e0>,
 <docx.text.paragraph.Paragraph at 0x7fd85c2dd6a0>,
 <docx.text.paragraph.Paragraph at 0x7fd85c2dd8b0>,
 <docx.text.paragraph.Paragraph at 0x7fd85c2dd760>,
 <docx.text.paragraph.Paragraph at 0x7fd85c2dd940>,
 <docx.text.paragraph.Paragraph at 0x7fd85c2dd820>]

paragraphs[0].text

'集合'

paragraphs[1].text

'Python的集合（set）本身是可变类型，但Python要求放入集合中的元素必须是不可变类型；集合类型与列表和元组的区别是：集合中的元素无序但必须唯一。下面分创建集合、集合的常见操作和集合推导式三部分对集合进行介绍。'

paragraphs[2].text

'集合的常见操作'

读取word段落

#1. 导入库
from docx import Document

#2. 创建document对象
myDocx = Document("集合介绍.docx")

#3.获取document类的段落对象【得到段落列表】
paragraphs = myDocx.paragraphs

# 4. 遍历列表，获取段落的属性text
i = 0
for para in paragraphs:
    print("第%s个段落：" %i)
    print(para.text)
    i = i+1
    print("\n")

第0个段落：
集合


第1个段落：
Python的集合（set）本身是可变类型，但Python要求放入集合中的元素必须是不可变类型；集合类型与列表和元组的区别是：集合中的元素无序但必须唯一。下面分创建集合、集合的常见操作和集合推导式三部分对集合进行介绍。


第2个段落：
集合的常见操作


第3个段落：
集合是可变的，集合中的元素可以动态增加或删除。Python提供了一些内置方法来操作集合，操作集合的常见方法如下表所示。


第4个段落：
操作集合的常见方法


第5个段落：

读取word表格

#1. 导入库
from docx import Document

#2. 创建document对象
myDocx = Document("集合介绍.docx")

#3.获取document类的table对象【得到table列表】
tables = myDocx.tables

# 4. 遍历列表，获取段落的属性text
i = 0
for table in tables:
    for row in table.rows:  # 5.获取每行的内容
        row_content = []    # 用于保存表格数据的列表
        for cell in row.cells[:]: # 6. 获得每行中所有单元格对象
            row_content.append(cell.text) # 保存每个单元格数据
        print(row_content)
        print("-"*20)

['常见方法', '说明']
--------------------
['add(x)', '向集合中添加元素x，x已存在时不作处理']
--------------------
['remove(x)', '删除集合中的元素x，若x不存在则抛出KeyError异常']
--------------------
['discard(x)', '删除集合中的元素x，若x不存在不作处理']
--------------------
['pop()', '随机返回集合中的一个元素，同时删除该元素。若集合为空，抛出KeyError异常']
--------------------
['clear()', '清空集合 ']
--------------------
['copy()', '拷贝集合，返回值为集合']
--------------------
['isdisjoint(T)', '判断集合与集合T是否没有相同的元素，没有返回True，有则返回False']
--------------------

4.6.3 实例：简单可视化分析2022年重庆市免试专升本各个学校数据

from docx import Document     #1. 导入库
import pandas as pd 


doc = Document("gs1.docx")     #2.获取document对象
tables = doc.tables            #3.获取所有表格对象
table_content = [] # 用于存储表格数据的list
for table in tables:          #4.遍历每一个表格对象
    for row in table.rows:    # 5.获取每行的内容
        row_content = []      # 用于保存每行表格数据的列表
        for cell in row.cells[:]: # 6. 获得每行中所有单元格对象
            row_content.append(cell.text) # 保存每个单元格数据
        table_content.append(row_content) # 将每行添加到表内容列表

df = pd.DataFrame(table_content[1:],columns= table_content[0]) # 利用获取的二维表格构建dataframe
df = df.drop_duplicates(subset=['学校名称','学生姓名'],keep='first') # 丢弃掉同一个人的重复数据
df_result = df.groupby('学校名称').count().sort_values('序号',ascending=False)['学生姓名'] # 计算同一个学校的人数

# 绘制柱形图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Arial Unicode MS']

type(df_result)

pandas.core.series.Series

table_content # 二维list

df = pd.DataFrame(table_content[1:],columns= table_content[0])
df.head()

	序号	学生姓名	学校名称	专业名称	获奖项目名称	获奖等次
0	1	谭欣	重庆三峡医药高等专科学校	中药学	2021年全国职业院校技能大赛高职组中药传统技能赛项	国赛一等奖
1	2	张茂晴	重庆三峡医药高等专科学校	护理	中华人民共和国第一届职业技能大赛健康和社会照护项目	国赛二等奖
2	3	邓栏栏	重庆三峡医药高等专科学校	护理	2021年“巴渝工匠”杯重庆市第十四届高等职业院校学生职业技能竞赛“护理技能”赛项	市赛一等奖
3	4	秦秀娟	重庆三峡医药高等专科学校	中药学	2021年“巴渝工匠”杯重庆市第十四届高等职业院校学生职业技能竞赛“中药传统技能”赛项	市赛一等奖
4	5	石佳	重庆三峡医药高等专科学校	中药学	2021年“巴渝工匠”杯重庆市第十四届高等职业院校学生职业技能竞赛“中药传统技能”赛项	市赛一等奖

df = df.drop_duplicates()
df.shape

(313, 7)

df = df.drop_duplicates(subset=['学校名称','学生姓名'],keep='first')
df.shape

(309, 7)

df.groupby('学校名称').count()

	序号	学生姓名	专业名称	获奖项目名称	获奖等次	备注
学校名称
重庆三峡医药高等专科学校	7	7	7	7	7	7
重庆三峡职业学院	20	20	20	20	20	20
重庆交通职业学院	12	12	12	12	12	12
重庆化工职业学院	3	3	3	3	3	3
重庆医药高等专科学校	5	5	5	5	5	5
重庆商务职业学院	28	28	28	28	28	28
重庆城市管理职业学院	23	23	23	23	23	23
重庆城市职业学院	25	25	25	25	25	25
重庆安全技术职业学院	1	1	1	1	1	1
重庆工业职业技术学院	13	13	13	13	13	13
重庆工商职业学院	15	15	15	15	15	15
重庆工程职业技术学院	28	28	28	28	28	28
重庆工贸职业技术学院	13	13	13	13	13	13
重庆幼儿师范高等专科学校	3	3	3	3	3	3
重庆应用技术职业学院	1	1	1	1	1	1
重庆建筑工程职业学院	1	1	1	1	1	1
重庆建筑科技职业学院	6	6	6	6	6	6
重庆文化艺术职业学院	3	3	3	3	3	3
重庆旅游职业学院	11	11	11	11	11	11
重庆水利电力职业技术学院	18	18	18	18	18	18
重庆电子工程职业学院	31	31	31	31	31	31
重庆科创职业学院	6	6	6	6	6	6
重庆能源职业学院	1	1	1	1	1	1
重庆航天职业技术学院	7	7	7	7	7	7
重庆艺术工程职业学院	1	1	1	1	1	1
重庆财经职业学院	28	28	28	28	28	28
重庆青年职业技术学院	3	3	3	3	3	3

df_result = df.groupby('学校名称').count().sort_values('序号',ascending=False)['学生姓名']
df_result

学校名称
重庆电子工程职业学院      31
重庆财经职业学院        28
重庆商务职业学院        28
重庆工程职业技术学院      28
重庆城市职业学院        25
重庆城市管理职业学院      23
重庆三峡职业学院        20
重庆水利电力职业技术学院    18
重庆工商职业学院        15
重庆工贸职业技术学院      13
重庆工业职业技术学院      13
重庆交通职业学院        12
重庆旅游职业学院        11
重庆航天职业技术学院       7
重庆三峡医药高等专科学校     7
重庆科创职业学院         6
重庆建筑科技职业学院       6
重庆医药高等专科学校       5
重庆幼儿师范高等专科学校     3
重庆文化艺术职业学院       3
重庆化工职业学院         3
重庆青年职业技术学院       3
重庆建筑工程职业学院       1
重庆应用技术职业学院       1
重庆能源职业学院         1
重庆安全技术职业学院       1
重庆艺术工程职业学院       1
Name: 学生姓名, dtype: int64

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Arial Unicode MS']
df_result.plot.bar(ylabel='免试人数')

<AxesSubplot:xlabel='学校名称', ylabel='免试人数'>

在这里插入图片描述

4.7 从pdf文件读取数据

import pdfplumber

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ModuleNotFoundError                       Traceback (most recent call last)

/var/folders/gv/w6mdpnf51kncpwpf7x4xvtz80000gn/T/ipykernel_1085/786904664.py in <module>
----> 1 import pdfplumber


ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pdfplumber'

4.7.1 安装pdfplumber

 pip install pdfplumber

import pdfplumber

4.7.2 使用pdfplumber读取数据

4.7.2.1 读取单页的《集合介绍.pdf》

# 获得pdf对象
pdfObj = pdfplumber.open("集合介绍.pdf")

type(pdfObj)

pdfplumber.pdf.PDF

# 获得pdf对象的page对象列表
pdfObj.pages

[<Page:1>]

# 查看pdf对象的metadata属性
pdfObj.metadata

{'Author': '孙东',
 'Creator': 'Microsoft® Word 2010',
 'CreationDate': "D:20200727154403+08'00'",
 'ModDate': "D:20200727154403+08'00'",
 'Producer': 'Microsoft® Word 2010'}

type(pdfObj.metadata)

dict

# 获取pdf对象的创建时间
pdfObj.metadata['CreationDate']

"D:20200727154403+08'00'"

type(pdfObj.metadata['CreationDate'])

str

# 抽取pdf对象的某page对象的text属性
pdfObj.pages[0].extract_text()

'集合 \nPython 的集合（set）本身是可变类型，但 Python 要求放入集合中的元素必\n须是不可变类型；集合类型与列表和元组的区别是：集合中的元素无序但必须唯\n一。下面分创建集合、集合的常见操作和集合推导式三部分对集合进行介绍。 \n集合的常见操作 \n集合是可变的，集合中的元素可以动态增加或删除。Python 提供了一些内置\n方法来操作集合，操作集合的常见方法如下表所示。 \n操作集合的常见方法 \n常见方法  说明 \nadd(x)  向集合中添加元素x，x 已存在时不作处理 \nremove(x)  删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在则抛出KeyError异常 \ndiscard(x)  删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在不作处理 \n随机返回集合中的一个元素，同时删除该元素。若集合为空，\npop() \n抛出KeyError异常 \nclear()  清空集合  \ncopy()  拷贝集合，返回值为集合 \n判断集合与集合T是否没有相同的元素，没有返回True，\nisdisjoint(T) \n有则返回False \n '

print(pdfObj.pages[0].extract_text())

集合 
Python 的集合（set）本身是可变类型，但 Python 要求放入集合中的元素必
须是不可变类型；集合类型与列表和元组的区别是：集合中的元素无序但必须唯
一。下面分创建集合、集合的常见操作和集合推导式三部分对集合进行介绍。 
集合的常见操作 
集合是可变的，集合中的元素可以动态增加或删除。Python 提供了一些内置
方法来操作集合，操作集合的常见方法如下表所示。 
操作集合的常见方法 
常见方法  说明 
add(x)  向集合中添加元素x，x 已存在时不作处理 
remove(x)  删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在则抛出KeyError异常 
discard(x)  删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在不作处理 
随机返回集合中的一个元素，同时删除该元素。若集合为空，
pop() 
抛出KeyError异常 
clear()  清空集合  
copy()  拷贝集合，返回值为集合 
判断集合与集合T是否没有相同的元素，没有返回True，
isdisjoint(T) 
有则返回False

# 抽取pdf对象的某page对象的word属性（对中文不好用，没意义）
pdfObj.pages[0].extract_words()

[{'text': '集合',
  'x0': 275.57,
  'x1': 319.60999999999996,
  'top': 93.59635999999989,
  'doctop': 93.59635999999989,
  'bottom': 115.55635999999993,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': 'Python',
  'x0': 114.02,
  'x1': 147.824,
  'top': 140.61199999999997,
  'doctop': 140.61199999999997,
  'bottom': 152.61199999999997,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '的集合（set）本身是可变类型，但',
  'x0': 151.22,
  'x1': 332.678,
  'top': 139.712,
  'doctop': 139.712,
  'bottom': 152.61199999999997,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': 'Python',
  'x0': 336.07,
  'x1': 370.006,
  'top': 140.61199999999997,
  'doctop': 140.61199999999997,
  'bottom': 152.61199999999997,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '要求放入集合中的元素必',
  'x0': 373.39,
  'x1': 505.39,
  'top': 139.712,
  'doctop': 139.712,
  'bottom': 151.712,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '须是不可变类型；集合类型与列表和元组的区别是：集合中的元素无序但必须唯',
  'x0': 90.024,
  'x1': 505.22400000000005,
  'top': 157.712,
  'doctop': 157.712,
  'bottom': 169.712,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '一。下面分创建集合、集合的常见操作和集合推导式三部分对集合进行介绍。',
  'x0': 90.024,
  'x1': 498.024,
  'top': 175.59199999999998,
  'doctop': 175.59199999999998,
  'bottom': 187.59199999999998,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '集合的常见操作',
  'x0': 241.49,
  'x1': 353.93,
  'top': 211.19035999999994,
  'doctop': 211.19035999999994,
  'bottom': 227.15035999999998,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '集合是可变的，集合中的元素可以动态增加或删除。Python',
  'x0': 114.02,
  'x1': 418.234,
  'top': 250.74199999999996,
  'doctop': 250.74199999999996,
  'bottom': 263.64199999999994,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '提供了一些内置',
  'x0': 421.3,
  'x1': 505.408,
  'top': 250.74199999999996,
  'doctop': 250.74199999999996,
  'bottom': 262.74199999999996,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '方法来操作集合，操作集合的常见方法如下表所示。',
  'x0': 90.024,
  'x1': 366.07,
  'top': 268.74199999999996,
  'doctop': 268.74199999999996,
  'bottom': 280.74199999999996,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '操作集合的常见方法',
  'x0': 266.33,
  'x1': 374.35,
  'top': 286.62199999999996,
  'doctop': 286.62199999999996,
  'bottom': 298.62199999999996,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '常见方法',
  'x0': 114.14,
  'x1': 162.38,
  'top': 306.062,
  'doctop': 306.062,
  'bottom': 318.062,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '说明',
  'x0': 332.95,
  'x1': 357.07,
  'top': 306.062,
  'doctop': 306.062,
  'bottom': 318.062,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': 'add(x)',
  'x0': 122.66,
  'x1': 154.00400000000002,
  'top': 325.322,
  'doctop': 325.322,
  'bottom': 337.32199999999995,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '向集合中添加元素x，x',
  'x0': 191.09,
  'x1': 314.11,
  'top': 324.5419999999999,
  'doctop': 324.5419999999999,
  'bottom': 337.44199999999995,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '已存在时不作处理',
  'x0': 317.23,
  'x1': 413.23,
  'top': 324.5419999999999,
  'doctop': 324.5419999999999,
  'bottom': 336.542,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': 'remove(x)',
  'x0': 113.3,
  'x1': 163.24400000000003,
  'top': 343.80199999999996,
  'doctop': 343.80199999999996,
  'bottom': 355.80199999999996,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '删除集合中的元素x，若x',
  'x0': 191.09,
  'x1': 329.11,
  'top': 343.022,
  'doctop': 343.022,
  'bottom': 355.92199999999997,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '不存在则抛出KeyError异常',
  'x0': 332.23,
  'x1': 479.38,
  'top': 343.022,
  'doctop': 343.022,
  'bottom': 355.92199999999997,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': 'discard(x)',
  'x0': 114.02,
  'x1': 162.64400000000003,
  'top': 362.1619999999999,
  'doctop': 362.1619999999999,
  'bottom': 374.1619999999999,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '删除集合中的元素x，若x',
  'x0': 191.09,
  'x1': 329.11,
  'top': 361.38199999999995,
  'doctop': 361.38199999999995,
  'bottom': 374.2819999999999,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '不存在不作处理',
  'x0': 332.23,
  'x1': 416.23,
  'top': 361.38199999999995,
  'doctop': 361.38199999999995,
  'bottom': 373.38199999999995,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '随机返回集合中的一个元素，同时删除该元素。若集合为空，',
  'x0': 191.09,
  'x1': 505.06,
  'top': 379.86199999999997,
  'doctop': 379.86199999999997,
  'bottom': 391.86199999999997,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': 'pop()',
  'x0': 125.3,
  'x1': 151.292,
  'top': 389.64199999999994,
  'doctop': 389.64199999999994,
  'bottom': 401.64199999999994,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '抛出KeyError异常',
  'x0': 191.09,
  'x1': 290.33,
  'top': 397.74199999999996,
  'doctop': 397.74199999999996,
  'bottom': 410.64199999999994,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': 'clear()',
  'x0': 122.66,
  'x1': 153.92,
  'top': 417.02199999999993,
  'doctop': 417.02199999999993,
  'bottom': 429.02199999999993,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '清空集合',
  'x0': 191.09,
  'x1': 239.09,
  'top': 416.24199999999996,
  'doctop': 416.24199999999996,
  'bottom': 428.24199999999996,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': 'copy()',
  'x0': 122.66,
  'x1': 153.872,
  'top': 435.50199999999995,
  'doctop': 435.50199999999995,
  'bottom': 447.50199999999995,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '拷贝集合，返回值为集合',
  'x0': 191.09,
  'x1': 323.09000000000003,
  'top': 434.722,
  'doctop': 434.722,
  'bottom': 446.722,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '判断集合与集合T是否没有相同的元素，没有返回True，',
  'x0': 191.09,
  'x1': 493.54,
  'top': 453.082,
  'doctop': 453.082,
  'bottom': 465.98199999999997,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': 'isdisjoint(T)',
  'x0': 108.62,
  'x1': 168.056,
  'top': 462.86199999999997,
  'doctop': 462.86199999999997,
  'bottom': 474.86199999999997,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1},
 {'text': '有则返回False',
  'x0': 191.09,
  'x1': 267.30199999999996,
  'top': 471.082,
  'doctop': 471.082,
  'bottom': 483.98199999999997,
  'upright': True,
  'direction': 1}]

# 抽取pdf对象的某page对象中的所有表格
pdfObj.pages[0].extract_tables()

[[['', '常见方法', '', '', '说明', ''],
  ['add(x)', None, None, '向集合中添加元素x，x 已存在时不作处理', None, None],
  ['remove(x)', None, None, '删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在则抛出KeyError异常', None, None],
  ['discard(x)', None, None, '删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在不作处理', None, None],
  ['pop()',
   None,
   None,
   '随机返回集合中的一个元素，同时删除该元素。若集合为空，\n抛出KeyError异常',
   None,
   None],
  ['clear()', None, None, '清空集合', None, None],
  ['copy()', None, None, '拷贝集合，返回值为集合', None, None],
  ['isdisjoint(T)',
   None,
   None,
   '判断集合与集合T是否没有相同的元素，没有返回True，\n有则返回False',
   None,
   None]]]

# 关闭pdf对象
pdfObj.close()

汇总操作代码

import pdfplumber
i = 0
with pdfplumber.open("集合介绍.pdf") as pdfObj:
    for page in pdfObj.pages:
        for table in page.extract_tables():
            for row in table:
                print(f"第{i}行")
                print(row)
                i = i+1

第0行
['', '常见方法', '', '', '说明', '']
第1行
['add(x)', None, None, '向集合中添加元素x，x 已存在时不作处理', None, None]
第2行
['remove(x)', None, None, '删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在则抛出KeyError异常', None, None]
第3行
['discard(x)', None, None, '删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在不作处理', None, None]
第4行
['pop()', None, None, '随机返回集合中的一个元素，同时删除该元素。若集合为空，\n抛出KeyError异常', None, None]
第5行
['clear()', None, None, '清空集合', None, None]
第6行
['copy()', None, None, '拷贝集合，返回值为集合', None, None]
第7行
['isdisjoint(T)', None, None, '判断集合与集合T是否没有相同的元素，没有返回True，\n有则返回False', None, None]

过滤掉None，删除‘\n’

import re
i = 0
with pdfplumber.open("集合介绍.pdf") as pdfObj:
    for page in pdfObj.pages:
        for table in page.extract_tables():
            for row in table:
                print(f"第{i}行")
                # 过滤掉里面的None
                cleanData = list(filter(None, row))
                print(cleanData)
                i = i+1

第0行
['常见方法', '说明']
第1行
['add(x)', '向集合中添加元素x，x 已存在时不作处理']
第2行
['remove(x)', '删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在则抛出KeyError异常']
第3行
['discard(x)', '删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在不作处理']
第4行
['pop()', '随机返回集合中的一个元素，同时删除该元素。若集合为空，\n抛出KeyError异常']
第5行
['clear()', '清空集合']
第6行
['copy()', '拷贝集合，返回值为集合']
第7行
['isdisjoint(T)', '判断集合与集合T是否没有相同的元素，没有返回True，\n有则返回False']

抽取表格数据，并构建为DataFrame

import pandas as pd
import pdfplumber

with pdfplumber.open("集合介绍.pdf") as pdfObj:
    for page in pdfObj.pages:
        for table in page.extract_tables():
            tableData = []
            for row in table:
                # 过滤掉里面的None
                cleanData = list(filter(None, row))
                tableData.append(cleanData)

pdfTableDf = pd.DataFrame(tableData[1:],columns=tableData[0])

pdfTableDf

	常见方法	说明
0	add(x)	向集合中添加元素x，x 已存在时不作处理
1	remove(x)	删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在则抛出KeyError异常
2	discard(x)	删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在不作处理
3	pop()	随机返回集合中的一个元素，同时删除该元素。若集合为空，\n抛出KeyError异常
4	clear()	清空集合
5	copy()	拷贝集合，返回值为集合
6	isdisjoint(T)	判断集合与集合T是否没有相同的元素，没有返回True，\n有则返回False

tableData

[['常见方法', '说明'],
 ['add(x)', '向集合中添加元素x，x 已存在时不作处理'],
 ['remove(x)', '删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在则抛出KeyError异常'],
 ['discard(x)', '删除集合中的元素x，若x 不存在不作处理'],
 ['pop()', '随机返回集合中的一个元素，同时删除该元素。若集合为空，\n抛出KeyError异常'],
 ['clear()', '清空集合'],
 ['copy()', '拷贝集合，返回值为集合'],
 ['isdisjoint(T)', '判断集合与集合T是否没有相同的元素，没有返回True，\n有则返回False']]

4.7.2.2 读取多页的《2021jxcg.pdf》

pdfObj2 = pdfplumber.open("2021jxcg.pdf")
type(pdfObj2)

pdfplumber.pdf.PDF

pdfObj2.pages

[<Page:1>,
 <Page:2>,
...
 <Page:36>,
 <Page:37>]

读取《2021jxcg.pdf》的附件1表格，转换成DataFrame
- 利用.extract_table()
- 利用.extract_tables()

import re
import pandas as pd
import pdfplumber

pdfObj2 = pdfplumber.open("2021jxcg.pdf")  #1. 获取pdf对象
table1List = [] # 用于存放获取的数据二维列表
for i in range(1,5):                      # 循环遍历附件1表格的各页(第2到5页)
    page = pdfObj2.pages[i]               #2. 取得每page对象
    table = page.extract_table()        #3. 获得每page对象的所有表格
    for row in table:
        cleanData = list(filter(None, row))
        #print(cleanData)
        cleanDataList = [re.sub("\n",'',value) for value in cleanData[:]]
        table1List.append(cleanDataList)
            
table1Df1 = pd.DataFrame(table1List[1:],columns=table1List[0])

table1Df1.head()

	申报年度	学院	项目类别	项目名称	成果级别	等级	计分	奖金	人员名单
0	补登记	创新教育学院	质量工程	本/专科英语国家概况(1)（精品课程）	省部级	默认	30	0	曾仲贤、公共账户2、公共账户3、公共账户4、陈显通
1	补登记	城市建设工程学院	教改项目	乡村振兴背景下田园综合体可持续发展研究（脱贫攻坚成果）	省部级	默认	20	0	郭永彦、陈娟娟、江涛、张基斌
2	补登记	会计与金融学院	国家级规划教材	财务会计	国家级	默认	100	0	罗小明、戴锋、张小红
3	补登记	电子信息工程学院	国家级规划教材	C++语言程序设计项目制案例教程	国家级	默认	100	0	陈郑军、蔡茜、龚卫、白小燕、周继萍、胡方霞
4	2021年	党委组织部	质量工程	党建与思想政治教育	省部级	默认	30	3000	王剑华、刘芹、刘玮、黄建、卿竹、周同磊、张基斌

import re
import pandas as pd
import pdfplumber

pdfObj2 = pdfplumber.open("2021jxcg.pdf")  #1. 获取pdf对象
table1List = [] # 用于存放获取的数据二维列表
for i in range(1,5):                      # 循环遍历附件1表格的各页(第2到5页)
    page = pdfObj2.pages[i]               #2. 取得每page对象
    tables = page.extract_tables()        #3. 获得每page对象的所有表格
    for table in tables:                  #4. 
        for row in table:
            cleanData = list(filter(None, row))
            #print(cleanData)
            cleanDataList = [re.sub("\n",'',value) for value in cleanData[:]]
            table1List.append(cleanDataList)
            
table1Df2 = pd.DataFrame(table1List[1:],columns=table1List[0])
table1Df2.head()

	申报年度	学院	项目类别	项目名称	成果级别	等级	计分	奖金	人员名单
0	补登记	创新教育学院	质量工程	本/专科英语国家概况(1)（精品课程）	省部级	默认	30	0	曾仲贤、公共账户2、公共账户3、公共账户4、陈显通
1	补登记	城市建设工程学院	教改项目	乡村振兴背景下田园综合体可持续发展研究（脱贫攻坚成果）	省部级	默认	20	0	郭永彦、陈娟娟、江涛、张基斌
2	补登记	会计与金融学院	国家级规划教材	财务会计	国家级	默认	100	0	罗小明、戴锋、张小红
3	补登记	电子信息工程学院	国家级规划教材	C++语言程序设计项目制案例教程	国家级	默认	100	0	陈郑军、蔡茜、龚卫、白小燕、周继萍、胡方霞
4	2021年	党委组织部	质量工程	党建与思想政治教育	省部级	默认	30	3000	王剑华、刘芹、刘玮、黄建、卿竹、周同磊、张基斌

读取《2021jxcg.pdf》的附件2表格，转换成DataFrame

import pdfplumber

pdfObj2 = pdfplumber.open("2021jxcg.pdf")
table2List = []
for i in range(5,37):
    page = pdfObj2.pages[i]
    tables = page.extract_tables()
    for table in tables:
        for row in table:
            cleanData = list(filter(None, row))
            #print(cleanData)
            cleanDataList = [re.sub("\n",'',value) for value in cleanData[:]]
            table2List.append(cleanDataList)
            
table2Df = pd.DataFrame(table2List[1:],columns=table2List[0])

table2Df.head()

	申报年度	类别	级别	竞赛名称	认定等次	计分	参与人明细	学生明细
0	补登记	教师比赛	全国一类	全国职业院校技能大赛教学能力比赛	一等奖	120	蔡茜、胡方霞、陈郑军、周士凯、唐春玲	None
1	补登记	教师比赛	全国三类	全国教育教学信息化大奖赛	三等奖	4	张弦、许汝才、王传	None
2	补登记	教师比赛	全国三类	国家开放大学学前教育专业学生幼儿集体活动优秀案例评选	三等奖	4	崔璨	None
3	补登记	教师比赛	全国三类	全国教育教学信息化大奖赛	一等奖	12	彭翔宇、汪洋、段玭	None
4	补登记	教师比赛	全国三类	全国教育教学信息化大奖赛	三等奖	4	王嵋、赵娜、尹静	None

table2Df.shape

(578, 10)

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第4章数据获取与存储

目录4.1 从csv和txt文件存取数据4.1.1 csv文件的存取4.1.1.1 以前学过的python读取csv文件4.1.1.2 pandas读取csv4.1.1.3 csv文件的写入4.1.1.3.1 原来用python写文件4.1.1.3.2 pandas写入csv4.1.2 txt文件的存取4.1.2.1 以前学过的python文件读取方法4.1.2.2 pandas读txt文件4.2 Excel文件的存取4.2.1 以前学过的python操作excel文件4.2.1.1 导入库4.2.1.2
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