在每个值的后面加 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci,解决了
set @value='%33108686217%';
SELECT * FROM `商品档案`
where `商品编号` LIKE @value COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci
OR 替换码1 LIKE @value COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci
OR 替换码2 LIKE @value COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci
OR 替换码3 LIKE @value COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci