文章目录
一、关于dns的名词解释
DNS:domain name system ,意为域名解析服务,它作为将域名和IP地址相互映射的一个分布式数据库,能够使人更方便地访问互联网,使用UDP端口53;
dns:
domain name system #域名解析服务
#关于客户端:#
/etc/resolv.conf ##dns指向文件
nameserver 172.25.254.20
#测试:
host www.baidu.com ##地址解析命令
dig www.baidu.com ##地址详细解析信息命令
A记录 ##ip地址叫做域名的Address 记录
SOA ##授权起始主机
dns顶级
. #共13个顶级根,且均在美国
次级
.com .net .edu .org ....
baidu.com
#关于服务端#
bind ##安装包
named ##服务名称
/etc/named.conf ##主配置文件
/var/named ##数据目录
端口 ##53
关于报错信息:
1.no servers could be reached ##服务无法访问(服务开启?火墙?网络?端口?)
2.服务启动失败 ##配置文件写错 journalctl -xe查询错误
3.dig 查询状态
NOERROR ##表示查询成功
REFUSED ##服务拒绝访问
SERVFAIL ##查询记录失败,(dns服务器无法到达上级,拒绝缓存)
NXDOMAIN ##此域名A记录在dns中不存在
例子:当前主机需要解析,询问顺序如下
/etc/hosts
/etc/resolv.conf ##nameserver 114.114.114.114()
主机一:服务器(白色背景)
主机二:客服端
实验环境:
1.服务器必须可以连接外网
2.服务器必须可以安装软件
3.测试主机必须可以和服务器通信
二、dns服务的安装与启用
#安装#
dnf install bind.x86_64 -y
#启用#
systemctl enable --now named
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=dns
firewall-cmd --reload
vim /etc/named.conf
11 listen-on port 53 { any; }; ##在本地所有网络接口上开启53端口
19 allow-query { any; }; ##允许查询A记录的客户端列表
34 dnssec-validation no; ##禁用dns检测使dns能够缓存外部信息到本机
systemctl restart named
三、高速缓存dns
vim /etc/named.conf
20 forwarders { 114.114.114.114; };
注意:测试时,主机一、主机二无论哪一台主机先用dig www.baidu.com进行测试,另一台主机的测试时间均大大减小,也就是说,第一次访问时,已经将数据缓存在服务端主机
测试:主机一、主机二均测试操作
四、dns的正向解析
/etc/named.conf##主配置文件
/etc/named.rfc1912.zone ##子配置文件,此文件内容也被记录在主配置文件内,此文件为了简化主配置文件
vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zone
zone "westos.com" IN { ##维护的域名
type master; ##当前服务器位主dns
file "westos.com.zone"; ##域名A记录文件
allow-update { none; }; ##允许更新主机列表
};
cd /var/named/
cp -p named.localhost westos.com.zone
$TTL 1D #TIME-TO-LIVE(dns地址保存时间长度)
@ IN SOA dns.westos.com. root.westos.com ( #SOA授权起始(Start of Authority)
0 ; serial #域名版本序列号
1D ; refresh #刷新时间(辅助dns)
1H ; retry #重试时间(辅助dns)
1W ; expire #过期时间(辅助dns,查询失败过期停止对辅助域名的应答)
3H ) ; minimum #A记录最短有效期
NS dns.westos.com.
dns A 192.168.0.20
www CNAME westos.a.westos.com. ##规范域名
westos.a A 192.168.0.111 ##正向解析记录
westos.a A 192.168.0.112
westos.com. MX 1 192.168.0.20. ##邮件解析记录
systemctl restart named
dig www.westos.com #查询正向解析
dig -t mx westos.com #邮件解析记录查询
CNAME、MX
CNAME:多个名字映射成一个,且是轮循查询
MX:邮件解析记录
CNAME
MX
五、dns的反向解析
vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones
zone "0.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "192.168.0.ptr";
allow-update { none; };
};
cd /var/named/
cp -p named.loopback 192.168.0.ptr
vim 192.168.0.ptr
$TTL 1D
@ IN SOA dns.westos.com. root.westos.com. (
0 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
NS dns.westos.com.
dns A 192.168.0.20
11 PTR www.westos.com.
12 PTR bbs.westos.com.
13 PTR news.westos.com.
systemctl restart named
测试:
dig -x 192.168.0.11
六、dns的双向解析
实验环境:
客户端2台
192.168.0网段
172.25.254网段 ##ifconfig ens160 172.25.254.30 netmask 255.255.255.0
服务端1台2个网段的ip
192.168.0.20
172.25.254.20 ##ifconfig ens160 172.25.254.20 netmask 255.255.255.0
在192.168.0网段的客户主机中
vim /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 192.168.0.20
在172.25.254网段的客户主机中
vim /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 172.25.254.20
配置方式:
cd /var/named/
cp -p westos.com.zone westos.com.inter
vim westos.com.inter
$TTL 1D
@ IN SOA dns.westos.com. root.westos.com (
0 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
NS dns.westos.com.
dns A 172.25.254.20
www CNAME westos.a.westos.com.
westos.a A 172.25.254.111
westos.a A 172.25.254.112
westos.com. MX 1 172.25.254.20. #mail exchanger
cp -p /etc/named.rfc1912.zones /etc/named.rfc1912.inters
vim /etc/named.rfc1912.inters
zone "westos.com" IN {
type master;
file "westos.com.inter";
allow-update { none; };
};
vim /etc/named.conf
#zone "." IN { ##在此表示注释掉
## type hint;
## file "named.ca";
##};
#
##include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
##include "/etc/named.root.key";
view localnet {
match-clients { 192.168.0.0/24; };
zone "." IN {
type hint;
file "named.ca";
};
include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
include "/etc/named.root.key";
};
view internet {
match-clients { any; };
zone "." IN {
type hint;
file "named.ca";
};
include "/etc/named.rfc1912.inters";
include "/etc/named.root.key";
};
systemctl restart named
测试:
分别在2个网段的主机中作同样域名的地址解析
得到的A记录不同
七、DNS集群
主dns:
zone "westos.com" IN {
type master;
file "westos.com.zone";
allow-update { none; };
also-notify { 192.168.0.30; }; ##主动通知的辅助dns主机
};
vim /var/named/westos.com.zone
$TTL 1D
@ IN SOA dns.westos.com. root.westos.com (
2020031402 ; serial ##每次修改A记录文件需要
1D ; refresh ##变更此参数的值
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
NS dns.westos.com.
dns A 192.168.0.20
www CNAME westos.a.westos.com.
westos.a A 192.168.0.210
westos.a A 192.168.0.211
westos.com. MX 1 192.168.0.20.
slave dns:
dnf install bind -y
firewall-cmd --add-service=dns
vim /etc/named.conf
listen-on port 53 { any; };
allow-query { any; };
dnssec-validation no;
vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zone
zone "westos.com" IN {
type slave; ##dns状态位辅助dns
masters { 192.168.0.20; }; ##主dns
file "slaves/westos.com.zone"; ##同步数据文件
};
systemctl restart named
设置辅助dns中的数据同步
注意:本次实验,网关设置均为主机自己IP,即用2台主机模仿4台主机进行实验!!!
测试:
八、DNS的更新
1.dns基于ip地址的更新:
在dns中设定:
vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones
zone "westos.com" IN {
type master;
file "westos.com.zone";
allow-update { 192.168.0.10; }; ##允许指定客户端更新westos域
also-notify { 192.168.0.30; };
};
测试:
在192.168.0.10
[root@rhel7_node1 ~]# nsupdate
> server 192.168.0.20
> update add hello.westos.com 86400 A 192.168.0.111 ##新增A记录
> send
> update delete hello.westos.com ##删除A记录
> send
2.dns基于key更新的方式:
用命令更安全
dnssec-keygen -a HMAC-SHA256 -b 128 -n HOST westos
cp -p /etc/rndc.key /etc/westos.key
vim /etc/westos.key
key "westos" {
algorithm hmac-sha256;
secret "SB1tQcLaWeroU9lGW21zeA==";
};
vim /etc/named.conf
43 include "/etc/wesots.key";
vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones
zone "westos.com" IN {
type master;
file "westos.com.zone";
allow-update { key westos; };
also-notify { 192.168.0.30; };
};
systemctl restart named
[root@rhel7_node1 ~]# nsupdate -k /mnt/Kwestos.+163+26695.private
> server 192.168.0.20
> update add hello.westos.com 86400 A 192.168.0.111
> send
> quit
测试:
九、动态域名解析(花生壳)、ddns(dhcp+dns)
动态域名解析服务,是将用户的动态IP地址映射到一个固定的域名解析服务上,用户每次连接网络的时候,客户端程序就会通过信息传递把该主机的动态IP地址传送给位于服务商主机上的服务器程序,服务程序负责提供DNS服务并实现动态域名解析
原理:
主机一:安装DHCP
主机二:设置工作模式为DHCP,重启网络,获取解析
dnf instsall dhcp-server -y
vim /etc/dhcpd/dhcpd.conf
# dhcpd.conf
#
# Sample configuration file for ISC dhcpd
#
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "westos.com";
option domain-name-servers 192.168.0.20;
default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
# Use this to enble / disable dynamic dns updates globally.
ddns-update-style interim;
# If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local
# network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented.
#authoritative;
# Use this to send dhcp log messages to a different log file (you also
# have to hack syslog.conf to complete the redirection).
log-facility local7;
# No service will be given on this subnet, but declaring it helps the
# DHCP server to understand the network topology.
# This is a very basic subnet declaration.
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.0.51 192.168.0.80;
option routers 192.168.0.1;
}
key westos {
algorithm hmac-sha256;
secret SB1tQcLaWeroU9lGW21zeA==;
};
zone westos.com. {
primary 127.0.0.1;
key westos;
}
dns的key更新
测试:
设定测试主机网络工作方式为dhcp
设定主机名称test.westos.com
重启网络
dig test.westos.com
可以得到正确解析