ava IO流学习总结：输入输出流

最新推荐文章于 2021-02-23 23:53:54 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2021-02-23 23:53:54 发布

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分类专栏： IO 文章标签： java

原文链接：http://blog.csdn.net/zhaoyanjun6/article/details/54292148

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Java IO流学习总结一：输入输出流

转载请标明出处：http://blog.csdn.net/zhaoyanjun6/article/details/54292148
本文出自【赵彦军的博客】

Java流类图结构：

这里写图片描述

流的概念和作用

流是一组有顺序的，有起点和终点的字节集合，是对数据传输的总称或抽象。即数据在两设备间的传输称为流，流的本质是数据传输，根据数据传输特性将流抽象为各种类，方便更直观的进行数据操作。

IO流的分类

根据处理数据类型的不同分为：字符流和字节流
根据数据流向不同分为：输入流和输出流

字符流和字节流

字符流的由来：因为数据编码的不同，而有了对字符进行高效操作的流对象。本质其实就是基于字节流读取时，去查了指定的码表。字节流和字符流的区别：

读写单位不同：字节流以字节（8bit）为单位，字符流以字符为单位，根据码表映射字符，一次可能读多个字节。
处理对象不同：字节流能处理所有类型的数据（如图片、avi等），而字符流只能处理字符类型的数据。
字节流：一次读入或读出是8位二进制。
字符流：一次读入或读出是16位二进制。

设备上的数据无论是图片或者视频，文字，它们都以二进制存储的。二进制的最终都是以一个8位为数据单元进行体现，所以计算机中的最小数据单元就是字节。意味着，字节流可以处理设备上的所有数据，所以字节流一样可以处理字符数据。

结论：只要是处理纯文本数据，就优先考虑使用字符流。除此之外都使用字节流。

输入流和输出流

输入流只能进行读操作，输出流只能进行写操作，程序中需要根据待传输数据的不同特性而使用不同的流。

输入字节流 InputStream

InputStream 是所有的输入字节流的父类，它是一个抽象类。
ByteArrayInputStream、StringBufferInputStream、FileInputStream 是三种基本的介质流，它们分别从Byte 数组、StringBuffer、和本地文件中读取数据。
PipedInputStream 是从与其它线程共用的管道中读取数据，与Piped 相关的知识后续单独介绍。
ObjectInputStream 和所有FilterInputStream 的子类都是装饰流（装饰器模式的主角）。

输出字节流 OutputStream

OutputStream 是所有的输出字节流的父类，它是一个抽象类。
ByteArrayOutputStream、FileOutputStream 是两种基本的介质流，它们分别向Byte 数组、和本地文件中写入数据。
PipedOutputStream 是向与其它线程共用的管道中写入数据。
ObjectOutputStream 和所有FilterOutputStream 的子类都是装饰流。

总结：

输入流：InputStream或者Reader：从文件中读到程序中；
输出流：OutputStream或者Writer：从程序中输出到文件中；

节点流

节点流：直接与数据源相连，读入或读出。
直接使用节点流，读写不方便，为了更快的读写文件，才有了处理流。
这里写图片描述

常用的节点流

父　类：InputStream 、OutputStream、 Reader、 Writer
文　件：FileInputStream 、 FileOutputStrean 、FileReader 、FileWriter 文件进行处理的节点流
数　组：ByteArrayInputStream、 ByteArrayOutputStream、 CharArrayReader 、CharArrayWriter 对数组进行处理的节点流（对应的不再是文件，而是内存中的一个数组）
字符串：StringReader、 StringWriter 对字符串进行处理的节点流
管　道：PipedInputStream 、PipedOutputStream 、PipedReader 、PipedWriter 对管道进行处理的节点流

处理流

处理流和节点流一块使用，在节点流的基础上，再套接一层，套接在节点流上的就是处理流。如BufferedReader.处理流的构造方法总是要带一个其他的流对象做参数。一个流对象经过其他流的多次包装，称为流的链接。
这里写图片描述

常用的处理流

缓冲流：BufferedInputStrean 、BufferedOutputStream、 BufferedReader、 BufferedWriter 增加缓冲功能，避免频繁读写硬盘。
转换流：InputStreamReader 、OutputStreamReader实现字节流和字符流之间的转换。
数据流： DataInputStream 、DataOutputStream 等-提供将基础数据类型写入到文件中，或者读取出来。

转换流

InputStreamReader 、OutputStreamWriter 要InputStream或OutputStream作为参数，实现从字节流到字符流的转换。

构造函数

InputStreamReader(InputStream);        //通过构造函数初始化，使用的是本系统默认的编码表GBK。
InputStreamReader(InputStream,String charSet);   //通过该构造函数初始化，可以指定编码表。
OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream);      //通过该构造函数初始化，使用的是本系统默认的编码表GBK。
OutputStreamwriter(OutputStream,String charSet);   //通过该构造函数初始化，可以指定编码表。

   
   
   
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实战演练

FileInputStream类的使用：读取文件内容

package com.app;

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;

public class A1 {

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	A1 a1 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">A1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">//电脑d盘中的abc.txt 文档</span>
	String filePath <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"D:/abc.txt"</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	String reslut <span class="token operator">=</span> a1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">readFile</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> filePath <span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> reslut <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> 
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>


<span class="token comment">/**
 * 读取指定文件的内容
 * @param filePath ： 文件的路径
 * @return  返回的结果
 */</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> String <span class="token function">readFile</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> String filePath <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	FileInputStream fis<span class="token operator">=</span>null<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	String result <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">""</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		<span class="token comment">// 根据path路径实例化一个输入流的对象</span>
		fis  <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileInputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> filePath <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

		<span class="token comment">//2. 返回这个输入流中可以被读的剩下的bytes字节的估计值；</span>
		<span class="token keyword">int</span> size <span class="token operator">=</span>  fis<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">available</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token comment">//3. 根据输入流中的字节数创建byte数组；</span>
		<span class="token keyword">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> array <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>size<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token comment">//4.把数据读取到数组中；</span>
		fis<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> array <span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span> 

		<span class="token comment">//5.根据获取到的Byte数组新建一个字符串，然后输出；</span>
		result <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>array<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>	

	<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">FileNotFoundException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">IOException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token keyword">finally</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span> fis <span class="token operator">!=</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
			<span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
				fis<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
			<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">IOException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
				e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
			<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

	<span class="token keyword">return</span> result <span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

FileOutputStream 类的使用：将内容写入文件

package com.app;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;

public class A2 {

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	A2 a2 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">A2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">//电脑d盘中的abc.txt 文档</span>
	String filePath <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"D:/abc.txt"</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">//要写入的内容</span>
	String content <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"今天是2017/1/9,天气很好"</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	a2<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">writeFile</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> filePath <span class="token punctuation">,</span> content  <span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">/**
 * 根据文件路径创建输出流
 * @param filePath ： 文件的路径
 * @param content : 需要写入的内容
 */</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">writeFile</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> String filePath <span class="token punctuation">,</span> String content <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	FileOutputStream fos <span class="token operator">=</span> null <span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		<span class="token comment">//1、根据文件路径创建输出流</span>
		fos  <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> filePath <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

		<span class="token comment">//2、把string转换为byte数组；</span>
		<span class="token keyword">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> array <span class="token operator">=</span> content<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getBytes</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token comment">//3、把byte数组输出；</span>
		fos<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> array <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">FileNotFoundException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">IOException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token keyword">finally</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span> fos <span class="token operator">!=</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
			<span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
				fos<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
			<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">IOException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
				e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
			<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

注意：

在实际的项目中，所有的IO操作都应该放到子线程中操作，避免堵住主线程。
FileInputStream在读取文件内容的时候，我们传入文件的路径（"D:/abc.txt"）, 如果这个路径下的文件不存在，那么在执行readFile()方法时会报FileNotFoundException异常。
FileOutputStream在写入文件的时候，我们传入文件的路径（"D:/abc.txt"）, 如果这个路径下的文件不存在，那么在执行writeFile()方法时, 会默认给我们创建一个新的文件。还有重要的一点，不会报异常。

效果图：

这里写图片描述

综合练习，实现复制文件，从D盘复制到E盘

package com.app;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;

public class A3 {

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	A3 a2 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">A3</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">//电脑d盘中的cat.png 图片的路径</span>
	String filePath1 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"D:/cat.png"</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">//电脑e盘中的cat.png 图片的路径</span>
	String filePath2 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"E:/cat.png"</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">//复制文件</span>
	a2<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">copyFile</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> filePath1 <span class="token punctuation">,</span> filePath2 <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">/**
 * 文件复制 
 * @param filePath_old : 需要复制文件的路径
 * @param filePath_new : 复制文件存放的路径
 */</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">copyFile</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> String filePath_old  <span class="token punctuation">,</span> String filePath_new<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	FileInputStream fis<span class="token operator">=</span>null <span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	FileOutputStream fout <span class="token operator">=</span> null <span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		<span class="token comment">// 根据path路径实例化一个输入流的对象</span>
		fis  <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileInputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> filePath_old <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

		<span class="token comment">//2. 返回这个输入流中可以被读的剩下的bytes字节的估计值；</span>
		<span class="token keyword">int</span> size <span class="token operator">=</span>  fis<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">available</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token comment">//3. 根据输入流中的字节数创建byte数组；</span>
		<span class="token keyword">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> array <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>size<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token comment">//4.把数据读取到数组中；</span>
		fis<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> array <span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span> 

		<span class="token comment">//5、根据文件路径创建输出流</span>
		fout <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> filePath_new <span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		
		<span class="token comment">//5、把byte数组输出；</span>
		fout<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> array <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">FileNotFoundException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">IOException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token keyword">finally</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span> fis <span class="token operator">!=</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
			<span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
				fis<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
			<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">IOException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
				e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
			<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
		<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span> fout <span class="token operator">!=</span> null <span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
			<span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
				fout<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
			<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">IOException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
				e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
			<span class="token punctuation">}</span>	
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

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