poj 1861 Network

题目链接：http://poj.org/problem?id=1861 点击打开链接

题目思路：kruskal算法（转载）

Kruskal算法

 

1.概览

Kruskal算法是一种用来寻找最小生成树的算法，由Joseph Kruskal在1956年发表。用来解决同样问题的还有Prim算法和Boruvka算法等。三种算法都是贪婪算法的应用。和Boruvka算法不同的地方是，Kruskal算法在图中存在相同权值的边时也有效。

 

2.算法简单描述

1).记Graph中有v个顶点，e个边

2).新建图Graph_new，Graph_new中拥有原图中相同的e个顶点，但没有边

3).将原图Graph中所有e个边按权值从小到大排序

4).循环：从权值最小的边开始遍历每条边 直至图Graph中所有的节点都在同一个连通分量中

                if 这条边连接的两个节点于图Graph_new中不在同一个连通分量中

                                         添加这条边到图Graph_new中

 

图例描述：

首先第一步，我们有一张图Graph，有若干点和边 

 

将所有的边的长度排序，用排序的结果作为我们选择边的依据。这里再次体现了贪心算法的思想。资源排序，对局部最优的资源进行选择，排序完成后，我们率先选择了边AD。这样我们的图就变成了右图

 

 

 

在剩下的变中寻找。我们找到了CE。这里边的权重也是5

依次类推我们找到了6,7,7，即DF，AB，BE。

下面继续选择， BC或者EF尽管现在长度为8的边是最小的未选择的边。但是现在他们已经连通了（对于BC可以通过CE,EB来连接，类似的EF可以通过EB,BA,AD,DF来接连）。所以不需要选择他们。类似的BD也已经连通了（这里上图的连通线用红色表示了）。

最后就剩下EG和FG了。当然我们选择了EG。最后成功的图就是右：

 

 

 

3.简单证明Kruskal算法

对图的顶点数n做归纳，证明Kruskal算法对任意n阶图适用。

归纳基础：

n=1，显然能够找到最小生成树。

归纳过程：

假设Kruskal算法对n≤k阶图适用，那么，在k+1阶图G中，我们把最短边的两个端点a和b做一个合并操作，即把u与v合为一个点v'，把原来接在u和v的边都接到v'上去，这样就能够得到一个k阶图G'(u,v的合并是k+1少一条边)，G'最小生成树T'可以用Kruskal算法得到。

我们证明T'+{<u,v>}是G的最小生成树。

用反证法，如果T'+{<u,v>}不是最小生成树，最小生成树是T，即W(T)<W(T'+{<u,v>})。显然T应该包含<u,v>，否则，可以用<u,v>加入到T中，形成一个环，删除环上原有的任意一条边，形成一棵更小权值的生成树。而T-{<u,v>}，是G'的生成树。所以W(T-{<u,v>})<=W(T')，也就是W(T)<=W(T')+W(<u,v>)=W(T'+{<u,v>})，产生了矛盾。于是假设不成立，T'+{<u,v>}是G的最小生成树，Kruskal算法对k+1阶图也适用。

由数学归纳法，Kruskal算法得证。

Network

Time Limit: 1000MS		Memory Limit: 30000K
Total Submissions: 14740		Accepted: 5783		Special Judge

Description

Andrew is working as system administrator and is planning to establish a new network in his company. There will be N hubs in the company, they can be connected to each other using cables. Since each worker of the company must have access to the whole network, each hub must be accessible by cables from any other hub (with possibly some intermediate hubs). 
Since cables of different types are available and shorter ones are cheaper, it is necessary to make such a plan of hub connection, that the maximum length of a single cable is minimal. There is another problem — not each hub can be connected to any other one because of compatibility problems and building geometry limitations. Of course, Andrew will provide you all necessary information about possible hub connections. 
You are to help Andrew to find the way to connect hubs so that all above conditions are satisfied. 

Input

The first line of the input contains two integer numbers: N - the number of hubs in the network (2 <= N <= 1000) and M - the number of possible hub connections (1 <= M <= 15000). All hubs are numbered from 1 to N. The following M lines contain information about possible connections - the numbers of two hubs, which can be connected and the cable length required to connect them. Length is a positive integer number that does not exceed 10 ⁶. There will be no more than one way to connect two hubs. A hub cannot be connected to itself. There will always be at least one way to connect all hubs.

Output

Output first the maximum length of a single cable in your hub connection plan (the value you should minimize). Then output your plan: first output P - the number of cables used, then output P pairs of integer numbers - numbers of hubs connected by the corresponding cable. Separate numbers by spaces and/or line breaks.

Sample Input

4 6
1 2 1
1 3 1
1 4 2
2 3 1
3 4 1
2 4 1

Sample Output

1
4
1 2
1 3
2 3
3 4

#include <stdio.h> //定义输入／输出函数
#include <limits.h> //定义各种数据类型最值常量
#include <math.h> //定义数学函数
#include <stdlib.h> //定义杂项函数及内存分配函数
#include <string.h> //字符串处理
#include <algorithm>//算法
#include <queue>//队列
#include <stack>//栈
using namespace std;
int N, M, maxs, cout;
int re[1005];
struct node{
    int from, to, cost;
};
int cmp(node a, node b){
    return a.cost < b.cost;
}
node a[15005], ans[1005];
int finds(int x){
    if (re[x] == x) return x;
    else return re[x] = finds(re[x]);
}
int main()
{
    while (scanf("%d%d", &N, &M) != EOF){
        cout = maxs = 0;
        memset(a, 0, sizeof(a));
        memset(ans, 0, sizeof(ans));
        for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) re[i] = i;
        for (int i = 0; i < M; i++)
            scanf("%d%d%d", &a[i].from, &a[i].to, &a[i].cost);
        sort(a, a+M, cmp);
        //for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) printf("%d\n", a[i].cost);
        for (int i = 0; i < M; i++){
            if ( finds(a[i].from) == finds(a[i].to) ) continue;
            //把根的根变成别人的根
            re[re[a[i].to]] = re[a[i].from];
            if (a[i].cost > maxs) maxs = a[i].cost;
            ans[cout].from = a[i].from;
            ans[cout].to = a[i].to;
            cout++;
        }
        
        printf("%d\n", maxs);
        printf("%d\n", cout);
        for (int i = 0; i < cout; i++)
            printf("%d %d\n", ans[i].from, ans[i].to);
    }
}