sql面试题:面试常考的sql语句题汇总(面试SQL必考必看)

我自己编辑总结的sql面试题目大全,也是每条都验证过的

第一类:sql面试题(学生表_课程表_成绩表_教师表) 

表结构,节选自:http://www.cnblogs.com/qixuejia/p/3637735.html
题目一,节选,自:https://wenku.baidu.com/view/cda288f1b90d6c85ed3ac671.html
题目二,节选,自:http://www.cnblogs.com/qixuejia/p/3637735.html
(为了满足“题目”查询条件,在原文的基础上,插入的测试语句中”增加了几条sc,新增了条Course,修改了student的部分年龄)

建议使用在线数据库调试:http://sqlfiddle.com/,非常方便!!

  1. 选择数据库类型为SQL Server
  2. 把建表语句和插入的语句都放入 “Build Schema” Build 一下即成功建立数据库表
  3. 再到 “Run SQL” 中执行查询语句即可,非常方便

表架构:

Student(S#,Sname,Sage,Ssex) 学生表 
Course(C#,Cname,T#) 课程表 
SC(S#,C#,score) 成绩表 
Teacher(T#,Tname) 教师表

建表语句:

CREATE TABLE student 
  ( 
     s#    INT, 
     sname nvarchar(32), 
     sage  INT, 
     ssex  nvarchar(8) 
  ) 

CREATE TABLE course 
  ( 
     c#    INT, 
     cname nvarchar(32), 
     t#    INT 
  ) 

CREATE TABLE sc 
  ( 
     s#    INT, 
     c#    INT, 
     score INT 
  ) 

CREATE TABLE teacher 
  ( 
     t#    INT, 
     tname nvarchar(16) 
  )

插入测试数据语句:

 insert into Student select 1,N'刘一',20,N'男' union all
 select 2,N'钱二',19,N'女' union all
 select 3,N'张三',18,N'男' union all
 select 4,N'李四',18,N'女' union all
 select 5,N'王五',17,N'男' union all
 select 6,N'赵六',19,N'女' 
 
 insert into Teacher select 1,N'叶平' union all
 select 2,N'贺高' union all
 select 3,N'杨艳' union all
 select 4,N'周磊'
 
 insert into Course select 1,N'语文',1 union all
 select 2,N'数学1',2 union all
 select 22,N'数学2',2 union all
 select 3,N'英语',3 union all
 select 4,N'物理',4
 
 insert into SC 
 select 1,1,56 union all 
 select 1,2,78 union all 
 select 1,3,67 union all 
 select 1,4,58 union all 
 select 2,1,79 union all 
 select 2,2,81 union all 
 select 2,3,92 union all 
 select 2,4,68 union all 
 select 3,1,91 union all 
 select 3,2,47 union all 
 select 3,3,88 union all 
 select 3,4,56 union all 
 select 4,2,88 union all 
 select 4,3,90 union all 
 select 4,4,93 union all 
 select 5,1,46 union all 
 select 5,3,78 union all 
 select 5,4,53 union all 
  select 5,22,53 union all 
  select 6,22,35 union all 
 select 6,1,35 union all 
 select 6,2,68 union all 
 select 6,4,71

 题目一:

1  .统计有学生选修的课程门数。

2  .求选修   C4 课程的学生的平均年龄。

3  . 求  LIU 老师所授课程的每门课程的学生平均成绩。

4  .统计每门课程的学生选修人数     (超过 2 人的课程才统计) 。要求输出课程号和选修人数,查询结果按人数降序排列,若人数相同,按课程号升序排列。

5  . 检索学号比   WANG    同学大,而年龄比他小的学生姓名。

6  .检索姓名以    WANG    打头的所有学生的姓名和年龄。

7  .在 SC 中检索成绩为空值的学生学号和课程号。

8  . 求年龄大于女同学平均年龄的男学生姓名和年龄。

9  .求年龄大于所有女同学年龄的男学生姓名和年龄。

其中涉及单表题:    1.4.6.7

我自己做的答案(倒序排列的,用换行分隔每个题),都是对的
(标准答案:
https://wenku.baidu.com/view/cda288f1b90d6c85ed3ac671.html):

--9
select s1.sname,s1.sage 
from student s1
where s1.ssex=N'男' and s1.sage>all(select sage from student where ssex=N'女')


--8
select s1.sname,s1.sage 
from student s1
where s1.ssex=N'男' and s1.sage>(select avg(sage) from student where ssex=N'女')


--7
select s#,c# from sc where score is null


--6
select sname,sage from student where sname like N'李%'


--5
--方法一
select sname from student 
where s#>(select s# from student where sname=N'李四')
and sage<(select sage from student where sname=N'李四')
--方法二--把一个表拆分两个相同的表,后表锁定为“李四”,前表来比较,最后返回前表对应的值
select s1.sname from student s1,student s2 
where s2.sname=N'李四' and s1.s#>s2.s# and s1.sage<s2.sage;


--4
select sc.c#,count(sc.s#) from sc group by sc.c# having count(sc.s#)>2 order by count(sc.s#) desc,sc.c#;


--3
--贺高老师每门课程的学生平均成绩
----思路:先贺高老师的所有课程,再每组平均成绩
select sc.c#,avg(score) from teacher,course,sc 
where teacher.t#=course.t# and course.c#=sc.c# --老师找到课程+课程找到成绩=老师找到成绩
and teacher.tname=N'贺高'
group by sc.c#


--2
--方法一
select avg(Student.sage) from Student,sc where Student.s#=sc.s# and sc.c#=4 
--方法二
select avg(Student.sage) from Student where Student.s#
in(select sc.s# from sc where Student.s#=sc.s# and sc.c#=4)


--1
select count(distinct(c#)) from sc;
              

--查询表中数据                     
--select * from Student;
--select * from course;
--select * from sc;
--select * from teacher;

题目二:

问题: 
1、查询“001”课程比“002”课程成绩高的所有学生的学号; 
  select a.S# from (select s#,score from SC where C#='001') a,(select s#,score 
  from SC where C#='002') b 
  where a.score>b.score and a.s#=b.s#; 
2、查询平均成绩大于60分的同学的学号和平均成绩; 
    select S#,avg(score) 
    from sc 
    group by S# having avg(score) >60; 
3、查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩; 
  select Student.S#,Student.Sname,count(SC.C#),sum(score) 
  from Student left Outer join SC on Student.S#=SC.S# 
  group by Student.S#,Sname 
4、查询姓“李”的老师的个数; 
  select count(distinct(Tname)) 
  from Teacher 
  where Tname like '李%'; 
5、查询没学过“叶平”老师课的同学的学号、姓名; 
    select Student.S#,Student.Sname 
    from Student  
    where S# not in (select distinct( SC.S#) from SC,Course,Teacher where  SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平'); 
6、查询学过“001”并且也学过编号“002”课程的同学的学号、姓名; 
  select Student.S#,Student.Sname from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C#='001'and exists( Select * from SC as SC_2 where SC_2.S#=SC.S# and SC_2.C#='002'); 
7、查询学过“叶平”老师所教的所有课的同学的学号、姓名; 
  select S#,Sname 
  from Student 
  where S# in (select S# from SC ,Course ,Teacher where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平' group by S# having count(SC.C#)=(select count(C#) from Course,Teacher  where Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Tname='叶平')); 
8、查询课程编号“002”的成绩比课程编号“001”课程低的所有同学的学号、姓名; 
  Select S#,Sname from (select Student.S#,Student.Sname,score ,(select score from SC SC_2 where SC_2.S#=Student.S# and SC_2.C#='002') score2 
  from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and C#='001') S_2 where score2 <score; 
9、查询所有课程成绩小于60分的同学的学号、姓名; 
  select S#,Sname 
  from Student 
  where S# not in (select S.S# from Student AS S,SC where S.S#=SC.S# and score>60); 
10、查询没有学全所有课的同学的学号、姓名; 
    select Student.S#,Student.Sname 
    from Student,SC 
    where Student.S#=SC.S# group by  Student.S#,Student.Sname having count(C#) <(select count(C#) from Course); 
11、查询至少有一门课与学号为“1001”的同学所学相同的同学的学号和姓名; 
    select distinct S#,Sname from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C# in (select C# from SC where S#='1001'); 
12、查询至少学过学号为“001”同学所有一门课的其他同学学号和姓名; 
    select distinct SC.S#,Sname 
    from Student,SC 
    where Student.S#=SC.S# and C# in (select C# from SC where S#='001'); 
13、把“SC”表中“叶平”老师教的课的成绩都更改为此课程的平均成绩; 
    update SC set score=(select avg(SC_2.score) 
    from SC SC_2 
    where SC_2.C#=SC.C# ) from Course,Teacher where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#=Teacher.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平'); 
14、查询和“1002”号的同学学习的课程完全相同的其他同学学号和姓名; 
    select S# from SC where C# in (select C# from SC where S#='1002') 
    group by S# having count(*)=(select count(*) from SC where S#='1002'); 
15、删除学习“叶平”老师课的SC表记录; 
    Delect SC 
    from course ,Teacher  
    where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#= Teacher.T# and Tname='叶平'; 
16、向SC表中插入一些记录,这些记录要求符合以下条件:没有上过编号“003”课程的同学学号、2、 
    号课的平均成绩; 
    Insert SC select S#,'002',(Select avg(score) 
    from SC where C#='002') from Student where S# not in (Select S# from SC where C#='002'); 
17、按平均成绩从高到低显示所有学生的“数据库”、“企业管理”、“英语”三门的课程成绩,按如下形式显示: 学生ID,,数据库,企业管理,英语,有效课程数,有效平均分 
    SELECT S# as 学生ID 
        ,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='004') AS 数据库 
        ,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='001') AS 企业管理 
        ,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='006') AS 英语 
        ,COUNT(*) AS 有效课程数, AVG(t.score) AS 平均成绩 
    FROM SC AS t 
    GROUP BY S# 
    ORDER BY avg(t.score)  
18、查询各科成绩最高和最低的分:以如下形式显示:课程ID,最高分,最低分 
    SELECT L.C# As 课程ID,L.score AS 最高分,R.score AS 最低分 
    FROM SC L ,SC AS R 
    WHERE L.C# = R.C# and 
        L.score = (SELECT MAX(IL.score) 
                      FROM SC AS IL,Student AS IM 
                      WHERE L.C# = IL.C# and IM.S#=IL.S# 
                      GROUP BY IL.C#) 
        AND 
        R.Score = (SELECT MIN(IR.score) 
                      FROM SC AS IR 
                      WHERE R.C# = IR.C# 
                  GROUP BY IR.C# 
                    ); 
自己写的:select c# ,max(score)as 最高分 ,min(score) as 最低分 from dbo.sc  group by c#
19、按各科平均成绩从低到高和及格率的百分数从高到低顺序 
    SELECT t.C# AS 课程号,max(course.Cname)AS 课程名,isnull(AVG(score),0) AS 平均成绩 
        ,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN  isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) AS 及格百分数 
    FROM SC T,Course 
    where t.C#=course.C# 
    GROUP BY t.C# 
    ORDER BY 100 * SUM(CASE WHEN  isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) DESC 
20、查询如下课程平均成绩和及格率的百分数(用"1行"显示): 企业管理(001),马克思(002),OO&UML (003),数据库(004) 
    SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN C# ='001' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '001' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 企业管理平均分 
        ,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '001' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '001' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 企业管理及格百分数 
        ,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '002' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 马克思平均分 
        ,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 马克思及格百分数 
        ,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '003' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS UML平均分 
        ,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS UML及格百分数 
        ,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '004' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 数据库平均分 
        ,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 数据库及格百分数 
  FROM SC

 

第二类:部门工资前三高的员工、部门工资最高的员工

表结构,节选自:https://www.cnblogs.com/an5456/p/10478949.html
题目,节选自:https://www.cnblogs.com/an5456/p/10478949.html
答案灵感来自于
sql分组(orderBy、GroupBy)获取每组前一(几)条数据》的5、根据Name分组取最大的两个(N个)Val”
地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/linJie1930906722/p/5983159.html
也可以查看我转载的博客:《sql分组(orderBy、GroupBy)获取每组前一(几)条数据


(为了满足“题目”查询条件,在原文的基础上,插入的测试语句中”增加了几条Employee,修改了Employee的部分薪资)

建议使用在线数据库调试:http://sqlfiddle.com/,非常方便!!

  1. 选择数据库类型为MySQL
  2. 把建表语句和插入的语句都放入 “Build Schema” Build 一下即成功建立数据库表
  3. 再到 “Run SQL” 中执行查询语句即可,非常方便
Create table If Not Exists Employee (Id int, Name varchar(255), Salary int, DepartmentId int);
Create table If Not Exists Department (Id int, Name varchar(255));
Truncate table Employee;
insert into Employee (Id, Name, Salary,DepartmentId) values ('1', 'Joe', '70000', '1');
insert into Employee (Id, Name, Salary,DepartmentId) values ('2', 'Henry', '85000', '2');
insert into Employee (Id, Name, Salary,DepartmentId) values ('3', 'Sam', '60000', '2');
insert into Employee (Id, Name, Salary,DepartmentId) values ('4', 'Max', '90000', '1');
insert into Employee (Id, Name, Salary,DepartmentId) values ('6', 'Henry2', '85000', '2');
insert into Employee (Id, Name, Salary,DepartmentId) values ('7', 'Henry3', '83000', '2');

insert into Employee (Id, Name, Salary,DepartmentId) values ('8', 'Randy2', '87000', '1');
insert into Employee (Id, Name, Salary,DepartmentId) values ('5', 'Randy', '85000', '1');
Truncate table Department;
insert into Department (Id, Name) values('1', 'IT');
insert into Department (Id, Name) values('2', 'Sales');

1.  每个部门工资最高的员工(如果有两个薪资相同的会显示出来)
(不明白“相关子查询”的朋友请看:https://blog.csdn.net/HD243608836/article/details/88832509):

select * FROM Employee e WHERE e.Salary = (
    select max(Salary) from Employee where DepartmentId=e.DepartmentId) order by e.DepartmentId;

--select * from Employee;

结果:

IdNameSalaryDepartmentId
4Max900001
2Henry850002
6Henry2850002

 

2.1  求每个部门的最高工资(不显示重复的薪资)

select DepartmentId,max(Salary) from Employee group by DepartmentId;

--select * from Employee;

 结果:

departmentIdmax(salary)
190000
285000

 

2.2  求每个部门的最高工资(显示重复的薪资)
(就是把题目“1”的select的显示条件从星号“*”换成了具体字段)

select e.DepartmentId,e.Salary FROM Employee e WHERE e.Salary = (
select max(Salary) from Employee where DepartmentId=e.DepartmentId) order by e.DepartmentId;

--select * from Employee;

 结果:

departmentIdsalary
190000
285000
285000

3.  每个部门工资前三高的员工
(用到了“相关子查询”的知识,不明白的请参看:https://blog.csdn.net/HD243608836/article/details/88832509
不然保证你看不懂!!)

方法一(必考重点):

select e.* from Employee e where 3>(
    select count(*) from Employee where DepartmentId=e.DepartmentId and Salary>e.Salary)         
    order by DepartmentId,Salary;


语句构造解析:

表结构:
|Id | Name   | Salary |DepartmentId|
+——————————————————————————————————+
|'1'| 'Joe'  | '70000'| '1'        |(第一条)
|'2'| 'Henry'| '85000'| '2'        |(第二条)……
        ……以此类推……

因为语句中,子查询中使用到了父查询的字段,所以一定是“相关子查询”!!

1.先取得数据库中的第一个元组(即第一行数据),把第一个元组中的字段作为参数,传入子查询中
select count(*) from Employee where DepartmentId=1 and Salary>70000;
-->返回结果为3,where后的条件“3>3”返回false,则该条元组不进入汇总表。
(PS:返回0个证明是工资第一高,1个是第二高,2个是第三高……)

2.再取得数据库中的第二个元组
select count(*) from Employee where DepartmentId=2 and Salary>85000;
-->返回结果为1,where后的条件“3>1”返回true,则该条元组进入汇总表。

……以此类推……

最后,返回汇总表。

结果:

IdNameSalaryDepartmentId
5Randy850001
8Randy2870001
4Max900001
7Henry3830002
2Henry850002
6Henry2850002

方法二:

(和方法一差不多,也是“相关子查询”,只不过用了exists和having

select e.* from Employee e where exists (
    select count(*) from Employee where DepartmentId=e.DepartmentId and Salary>e.Salary having count(*)<3 ) 
    order by DepartmentId,Salary;

方法三(只适用于SQL Server中,可用“TOP”关键字):

(和方法一差不多,也是“相关子查询”,只不过用了top关键字只适用于SQL Server,MySQL和Oracle没有top

select e.* from Employee e where e.Salary in (
    select top 2 Salary from Employee where DepartmentId=e.DepartmentId order by Salary desc)
    order by DepartmentId,Salary;


解析:
一个接一个的部门的参数传入子查询,每个部门都取得最前面的两个

 

以上都是我辛苦整整两天,汇总整理的,真挺累啊!!希望对你们也有帮助!

觉得有用的朋友就赞一下吧,也是对我的一种鼓励与肯定!!

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