Matplotlib中图像的结构
atplotlib图像中最重要的三个对象分别是figure(画布)，ax(坐标系)，axis (坐标轴)。一个figure中可以有多个 ax（多个子图），figure可以设置图像的尺寸，背景色，像素等。一个ax中一般有多个 axis，如xaxis，yaxis。ax可以设置子图的大小，标题，数据的呈现形式，线型，颜色等。axis又有label，tick等对象，可以设置坐标轴刻度，坐标轴标签，坐标轴标题等。
面向对象绘图一般自上而下：
0，绘图前设置绘图风格等全局参数，例如style，font等。
1，开始绘图时，首先是figure对象布局，包括大小size，像素dpi等。
2， 接着是axes对象规划，包括图形(如点线柱饼)，axes区域(如背景颜色，栅格，图例)等。
3，然后是axis对象设置，包括坐标轴，刻度线，标签等。
4，最后是添加文字信息，包括标题，数据标注，其他文字说明等。
0，绘图前设置绘图风格等全局参数，例如style，font等。
# 查看可用的绘图风格
print(plt.style.available)
# 选择绘图风格
plt.style.use('bmh')
# 用来正常显示中文标签
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['FangSong'] # 指定默认字体
# 解决符号‘-’显示为方块的问题
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
# 设置全局默认字体属性
font = {'weight': 'bold', 'size': 15}
plt.rc('font', **font)
1，开始绘图时，首先是figure对象布局，包括大小figsize,像素dpi等。
fig = plt.figure()
2，接着是axes对象规划，包括图形(如点线柱饼),axes区域(如背景颜色,栅格,图例)等。
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, facecolor=(0, 1, 0, 0.3))
# ax.figure(dpi=600)
ax.plot(x, y,
label='$sin(x)$',
color='r',
linestyle="-",
linewidth=3,
marker="o", markeredgecolor='g', markersize=8,
markerfacecolor='red',
alpha=0.8)
# 网格设置
ax.grid(color='b', linestyle=':', linewidth=1)
# 图例设置
ax.legend(loc='best', fontsize=18, frameon=True)
plt.show()
3，然后是axis对象设置，包括坐标轴，刻度线，标签等。
# 坐标轴的范围
ax.axis([-0.5, 6.5, -1.1, 1.1])
# 设置刻度
ax.xaxis.set_ticks([0, np.pi / 2, np.pi, 3 * np.pi / 2, 2 * np.pi])
# 设置刻度标签
ax.xaxis.set_ticklabels(['$0$', '$\\frac{\pi}{2}$',
'$\pi$', '$\\frac{3\pi}{2}$',
'$2\,\pi$'
])
# ax.set_xticks()
# ax.set_xticklabels()
# ax.xaxis.set_major_locator()
# ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter()
# 设置坐标轴标题
ax.set_xlabel('X ', fontsize=20)
ax.set_ylabel('Y ', fontsize=20, rotation=0)
# ax.xaxis.set_label_text('X',fontsize = 20)
# ax.yaxis.set_label_text('y',fontsize = 20,rotation =0)
# 设置坐标轴。标签的位置
ax.xaxis.set_label_coords(1,-0.05)
ax.yaxis.set_label_coords(-0.05,1)
# 设置坐标轴是否可见
ax.spines['right'].set_visible(False)
#设置坐标轴颜色，当颜色为 none 时，坐标轴不可见
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_color('red')
# 移动坐标轴的位置
ax.spines['left'].set_position(("data",0))
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(("data",0))
4，最后是添加文字信息，包括标题，数据标注，其他文字说明等。
# 设置标题
ax.set_title(u'正弦曲线',color='black',fontsize=20)
# ax.annotate(-3.7, 3, r'$This\ is\ the\ some\ text. \mu\ \sigma_i\ \alpha_t$',
# )
# ax.text(0.85,0.75,'matplotlib\n plot',fontsize=20,
# horizontalalignment='center',
# verticalalignment='center',
# transform= ax.transAxes,
# bbox=dict(facecolor='green',alpha=0.6))
fig.savefig(u'02020202.png',dpi=600)
其它方法;
formatter = ticker.FormatStrFormatter('$%1.2f')
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(formatter)
case 1
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.ticker as ticker
# Fixing random state for reproducibility
np.random.seed(19680801)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(100*np.random.rand(20))
formatter = ticker.FormatStrFormatter('$%1.2f')
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(formatter)
for tick in ax.yaxis.get_major_ticks():
tick.label1.set_visible(False)
tick.label2.set_visible(True)
tick.label2.set_color('green')
# ax.yaxis.get_major_ticks() 返回两个纵轴的坐标，label1，label2分别表示不同的轴
plt.show()
Formatters and Locators
'Axis.get_major_formatter' Get the formatter of the major ticker
'Axis.get_major_locator' Get the locator of the major ticker
'Axis.get_minor_formatter' Get the formatter of the minor ticker
'Axis.get_minor_locator ' Get the locator of the minor ticker
'Axis.set_major_formatter' Set the formatter of the major ticker.
'Axis.set_major_locator ' Set the locator of the major ticker.
'Axis.set_minor_formatter' Set the formatter of the minor ticker.
'Axis.set_minor_locator' Set the locator of the minor ticker.
from matplotlib.ticker import NullFormatter, FixedLocator
ax.grid(True)
ax.set_xlim([-180, 180])
ax.yaxis.set_minor_formatter(NullFormatter())
ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(FixedLocator(np.arange(-90, 90, 30)))
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(MultipleLocator(20)) # 设置20倍数
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(FormatStrFormatter('%5.1f')) # 设置文本格式
# y轴
ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(MultipleLocator(100)) # 设置100倍数
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(FormatStrFormatter('%1.2f')) # 设置文本格式
# 设置轴的副刻度
# x轴
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(MultipleLocator(5)) # 设置10倍数
# ax.xaxis.set_minor_formatter(FormatStrFormatter('%2.1f')) # 设置文本格式
# y轴
ax.yaxis.set_minor_locator(MultipleLocator(50)) # 设置50倍数
# ax.yaxis.set_minor_formatter(FormatStrFormatter('%1.0f')) # 设置文本格式
Axis Label
'Axis.set_label_coords' Set the coordinates of the label.
'Axis.set_label_position' Set the label position (top or bottom)
'Axis.set_label_text' Set the text value of the axis label.
'Axis.get_label_position' Return the label position (top or bottom)
'Axis.get_label_text' Get the text of the label
Ticks, tick labels and Offset text
'Axis.grid' Configure the grid lines.
'Axis.set_tick_params' Set appearance parameters for ticks, ticklabels, and gridlines.
'Axis.axis_date' Sets up axis ticks and labels treating data along this axis as dates.
Discouraged
'Axis.set_ticklabels' Set the text values of the tick labels.
'Axis.set_ticks' Set the locations of the tick marks from sequence ticks
双Y轴
ax2 = ax1.twinx() # instantiate a second axes that shares the same x-axis
ax2.tick_params(axis='y', labelcolor=color)
# 刻度和标签设置
matplotlib.axes.Axes.tick_params
设置刻度线和刻度标签的位置
matplotlib.axis.YAxis.set_ticks_position
axis.Axis.set_ticks()
设置刻度和标签
Axis.set_ticks(self, ticks, minor=False)
ticks : sequence of floats
minor : bool
设置刻度和标签
Axis.set_ticks_position(self, position)
设置刻度和标签的位置
YAxis.set_ticks_position(self, position)
Parameters:
position : {'left', 'right', 'both', 'default', 'none'}
如果时y轴的，可以设置参数为上面的
# loc 表示位置，spine表示当前位置的对象
for loc, spine in ax.spines.items():
print(loc)
print(spine)
left
Spine
right
Spine
bottom
Spine
top
Spine
spines.Spine.set_position()
设置 X，Y,轴分离开：
1.spines.Spine.set_position
.set_position(self, position)
spine.set_position(('outward', 10)) # outward by 10 points
2. .set_color(self, c)
3. .set_smart_bounds(self, value)
Spine Placement Demo:
fig = plt.figure()
x = np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 100)
y = 2 * np.sin(x)
ax = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 1)
ax.set_title('centered spines')
ax.plot(x, y)
ax.spines['left'].set_position('center')
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position('center')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['left'].set_smart_bounds(True)
ax.spines['bottom'].set_smart_bounds(True)
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 2)
ax.set_title('zeroed spines')
ax.plot(x, y)
ax.spines['left'].set_position('zero')
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position('zero')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['left'].set_smart_bounds(True)
ax.spines['bottom'].set_smart_bounds(True)
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 3)
ax.set_title('spines at axes (0.6, 0.1)')
ax.plot(x, y)
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('axes', 0.6))
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('axes', 0.1))
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['left'].set_smart_bounds(True)
ax.spines['bottom'].set_smart_bounds(True)
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 4)
ax.set_title('spines at data (1, 2)')
ax.plot(x, y)
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data', 1))
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data', 2))
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['left'].set_smart_bounds(True)
ax.spines['bottom'].set_smart_bounds(True)
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
2.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
def adjust_spines(ax,spines):
for loc, spine in ax.spines.items():
if loc in spines:
spine.set_position(('outward', 10)) # outward by 10 points
else:
spine.set_color('none') # don't draw spine
# turn off ticks where there is no spine
if 'left' in spines:
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
else:
# no yaxis ticks
ax.yaxis.set_ticks([])
if 'bottom' in spines:
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
else:
# no xaxis ticks
ax.xaxis.set_ticks([])
fig = plt.figure()
x = np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,100)
y = 2*np.sin(x)
ax = fig.add_subplot(2,2,1)
ax.plot(x,y)
adjust_spines(ax,['left'])
ax = fig.add_subplot(2,2,2)
ax.plot(x,y)
adjust_spines(ax,[])
ax = fig.add_subplot(2,2,3)
ax.plot(x,y)
adjust_spines(ax,['left','bottom'])
ax = fig.add_subplot(2,2,4)
ax.plot(x,y)
adjust_spines(ax,['bottom'])
plt.show()
…
更多参考官方文档：https://matplotlib.org/api/axis_api.html
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