Linux环境变量
Linux系统中输入命令后系统调用的方式
Linux 命令位置的查询方式
1. 绝对路径
2. alias别名
3. 内部命令
4. 外部命令 (环境变量的$PATH)
1、查看环境变量
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env命令查看所有环境变量ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ env SHELL=/bin/bash SESSION_MANAGER=local/ubuntu:@/tmp/.ICE-unix/1710,unix/ubuntu:/tmp/. ICE-unix/1710 QT_ACCESSIBILITY=1 COLORTERM=truecolor XDG_CONFIG_DIRS=/etc -
env | grep命令查看指定环境变量env | grep PATH ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ env | grep PATH PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin:/snap/bin -
echo命令ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ echo $PATH /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin:/snap/bin
2、编辑环境变量
在Shell下，用export设置的环境变量对当前Shell立即生效，Shell退出后失效。在脚本文件中设置的环境变量不会立即生效，退出Shell后重新登录时才生效，或者用source命令让它立即生效。
2.1 临时环境变量
使用export设置的环境变量在退出shell后就会失效。如果希望永久生效，则需要在登录脚本中设置。
# 设置环境变量值(方法一)
PATH=$PATH:~/local/bin/mytest
export PATH
# 设置环境变量值(方法二)
# 如果环境变量的值没有空格等特殊符号，可以不用单引号包含
export PATH=$PATH:~/local/bin/mytest
export MYENV='~/local/Myenv'
# 删除环境变量 unset $环境变量名
unset $MYENV
2.2 系统环境变量
系统环境变量对全部的用户都生效。
在脚本文件中设置的环境变量不会立即生效，退出Shell后重新登录时才生效，或者用source命令让它立即生效
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方法一：
/etc/profile文件中设置环境变量**（不推荐）**原理：用户登录时会执行
/etc/profile文件，从而通过文件的命令加载环境变量。# 文件中添加环境变量的配置(export 环境变量名='环境变量值') export PATH=$PATH:~/local/bin/mytest export MYENV='~/local/Myenv' # 以下是原始/etc/profile文件的内容 # /etc/profile: system-wide .profile file for the Bourne shell (sh(1)) # and Bourne compatible shells (bash(1), ksh(1), ash(1), ...). if [ "${PS1-}" ]; then if [ "${BASH-}" ] && [ "$BASH" != "/bin/sh" ]; then # The file bash.bashrc already sets the default PS1. # PS1='\h:\w\$ ' if [ -f /etc/bash.bashrc ]; then . /etc/bash.bashrc fi else if [ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ]; then PS1='# ' else PS1='$ ' fi fi fi if [ -d /etc/profile.d ]; then for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh; do if [ -r $i ]; then . $i fi done unset i fi -
方法二：
/etc/profile.d文件夹目录中增加环境变量脚本文件**（推荐）**原理：
/etc/profile在每次启动中都会执行/etc/profile.d下的全部脚本文件。/etc/profile.d比/etc/profile更好维护，维护直接修改对应的文件即可。# `/etc/profile.d`文件夹目录的默认文件 ubuntu@ubuntu:/etc/profile.d$ ls 01-locale-fix.sh debuginfod.csh vte-2.91.sh apps-bin-path.sh debuginfod.sh vte.csh bash_completion.sh gnome-session_gnomerc.sh xdg_dirs_desktop_session.sh cedilla-portuguese.sh im-config_wayland.sh# 创建全局环境变量,创建.sh脚本文件后编辑export脚本(编辑过程省略) ubuntu@ubuntu:/etc/profile.d$ touch Myenv.sh # 查看脚本文件内容 ubuntu@ubuntu:~/Desktop$ cat Myenv.sh export PATH=$PATH:~/local/bin/mytest export MYENV='~/local/Myenv' -
方法三：
/etc/bashrc或/etc/bash.bashrc文件中设置环境变量**（不推荐）**原理：
/etc/profile在每次启动中都会执行``/etc/bashrc或/etc/bash.bashrc在 Ubuntu 系统中，全局 Bash 配置位于
/etc/bash.bashrc文件中该文件配置的环境变量会影响用户全部所使用的bash shell
# 文件中添加环境变量的配置(export 环境变量名='环境变量值') export PATH=$PATH:~/local/bin/mytest export MYENV='~/local/Myenv' # 以下是原始/etc/bash.bashrc文件的内容 # System-wide .bashrc file for interactive bash(1) shells. # To enable the settings / commands in this file for login shells as well, # this file has to be sourced in /etc/profile. # If not running interactively, don't do anything [ -z "$PS1" ] && return # check the window size after each command and, if necessary, # update the values of LINES and COLUMNS. shopt -s checkwinsize # set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below) if [ -z "${debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot) fi # set a fancy prompt (non-color, overwrite the one in /etc/profile) # but only if not SUDOing and have SUDO_PS1 set; then assume smart user. if ! [ -n "${SUDO_USER}" -a -n "${SUDO_PS1}" ]; then PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ ' fi # Commented out, don't overwrite xterm -T "title" -n "icontitle" by default. # If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir #case "$TERM" in #xterm*|rxvt*) # PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne "\033]0;${USER}@${HOSTNAME}: ${PWD}\007"' # ;; #*) # ;; #esac # enable bash completion in interactive shells #if ! shopt -oq posix; then # if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then # . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion # elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then # . /etc/bash_completion # fi #fi # sudo hint if [ ! -e "$HOME/.sudo_as_admin_successful" ] && [ ! -e "$HOME/.hushlogin" ] ; then case " $(groups) " in *\ admin\ *|*\ sudo\ *) if [ -x /usr/bin/sudo ]; then cat <<-EOF To run a command as administrator (user "root"), use "sudo <command>". See "man sudo_root" for details. EOF fi esac fi # if the command-not-found package is installed, use it if [ -x /usr/lib/command-not-found -o -x /usr/share/command-not-found/command-not-found ]; then function command_not_found_handle { # check because c-n-f could've been removed in the meantime if [ -x /usr/lib/command-not-found ]; then /usr/lib/command-not-found -- "$1" return $? elif [ -x /usr/share/command-not-found/command-not-found ]; then /usr/share/command-not-found/command-not-found -- "$1" return $? else printf "%s: command not found\n" "$1" >&2 return 127 fi } fi
2.3 用户环境变量
用户环境变量只对当前用户有效。
在脚本文件中设置的环境变量不会立即生效，退出Shell后重新登录时才生效，或者用source命令让它立即生效
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方法一：用户主目录下
~/.bash_profile文件，Ubuntu 中使用~/.profile文件中设置环境变量**（推荐）**原理：该文件会在用户登录时执行，每个用户都可以使用自己专属的环境变量
# 文件中添加环境变量的配置(export 环境变量名='环境变量值') export PATH=$PATH:~/local/bin/mytest export MYENV='~/local/Myenv' # 以下是原始~/.profile文件的内容 # ~/.profile: executed by the command interpreter for login shells. # This file is not read by bash(1), if ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bash_login # exists. # see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files for examples. # the files are located in the bash-doc package. # the default umask is set in /etc/profile; for setting the umask # for ssh logins, install and configure the libpam-umask package. #umask 022 # if running bash if [ -n "$BASH_VERSION" ]; then # include .bashrc if it exists if [ -f "$HOME/.bashrc" ]; then . "$HOME/.bashrc" fi fi # set PATH so it includes user's private bin if it exists if [ -d "$HOME/bin" ] ; then PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH" fi # set PATH so it includes user's private bin if it exists if [ -d "$HOME/.local/bin" ] ; then PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH" fi -
方法二：用户主目录下
~/.bashrc文件中设置环境变量**（不推荐）**原理：用户登录和打开Shell时都会读取该文件，每打开一次Shell，文件都会被读取一次。
# 文件中添加环境变量的配置(export 环境变量名='环境变量值') export PATH=$PATH:~/local/bin/mytest export MYENV='~/local/Myenv' # 以下是原始~/.bashrc文件的内容 # ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells. # see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc) # for examples # If not running interactively, don't do anything case $- in *i*) ;; *) return;; esac # don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history. # See bash(1) for more options HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth # append to the history file, don't overwrite it shopt -s histappend # for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1) HISTSIZE=1000 HISTFILESIZE=2000 # check the window size after each command and, if necessary, # update the values of LINES and COLUMNS. shopt -s checkwinsize # If set, the pattern "**" used in a pathname expansion context will # match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. #shopt -s globstar # make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1) [ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)" # set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below) if [ -z "${debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot) fi # set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color) case "$TERM" in xterm-color|*-256color) color_prompt=yes;; esac # uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned # off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window # should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt #force_color_prompt=yes if [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; then # We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48 # (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such # a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.) color_prompt=yes else color_prompt= fi fi if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ ' else PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ ' fi unset color_prompt force_color_prompt # If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir case "$TERM" in xterm*|rxvt*) PS1="\[\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \w\a\]$PS1" ;; *) ;; esac # enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)" alias ls='ls --color=auto' #alias dir='dir --color=auto' #alias vdir='vdir --color=auto' alias grep='grep --color=auto' alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto' alias egrep='egrep --color=auto' fi # colored GCC warnings and errors #export GCC_COLORS='error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01' # some more ls aliases alias ll='ls -alF' alias la='ls -A' alias l='ls -CF' # Add an "alert" alias for long running commands. Use like so: # sleep 10; alert alias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '\''s/^\s*[0-9]\+\s*//;s/[;&|]\s*alert$//'\'')"' # Alias definitions. # You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like # ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly. # See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package. if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then . ~/.bash_aliases fi # enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable # this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile # sources /etc/bash.bashrc). if ! shopt -oq posix; then if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then . /etc/bash_completion fi fi使用
source命令执行文件（source 命令用于在当前 Shell 环境中执行指定的脚本文件，并将其中的命令应用于当前 Shell）source ~/.bashrc -
其它文件(不用于环境变量设置)
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~/.bash_logout每次退出Shell的时候执行该文件
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~/.bash_history保存用户命令的历史纪录
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3、环境变量的优先级
原则：同名的环境变量，如果在多个脚本中有配置，以最后执行的配置为准。
# 环境变量脚本文件的执行顺序
/etc/profile --> /etc/profile.d文件夹目录 --> /etc/bash.bashrc --> 用户的~/.bash_profile --> 用户的~/.bashrc
注：具体环境变量的执行顺序需要查看环境变量配置在脚本里的位置，比如：在/etc/profile文件中
# 在/etc/profile文件中
# /etc/profile: system-wide .profile file for the Bourne shell (sh(1))
# and Bourne compatible shells (bash(1), ksh(1), ash(1), ...).
# 此处为调用执行/etc/profile.d文件之前
if [ -d /etc/profile.d ]; then
for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh; do
if [ -r $i ]; then
. $i
fi
done
unset i
fi
# 此处为调用执行/etc/profile.d文件之后
4、常用的环境变量
# PATH 可执行程序的搜索路径（重要掌握）
# PATH 存放的是目录列表，目录之间使用冒号:分隔
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin:/snap/bin
# 用户的工作目录主路径
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ echo $HOME
/home/ubuntu
# 当前登录的用户名
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ echo $LOGNAME
ubuntu
# 主机名
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ echo $HOSTNAME
ubuntu
# 当前的Shell
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ echo $SHELL
/bin/bash
# Linux系统的语言与字符集
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ echo $LANG
en_US.UTF-8
# 生成一个随机数字
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ echo $RANDOM
12219
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