Linux C/C++ or 嵌入式面试之《网络编程系列》(12) tcp如何实现断线检测

在TCP通信中,当对端断电或断网时,如何检测连接状态至关重要。本文介绍了TCP存活检测的背景,包括资源浪费和网络设备问题,并讨论了两种检测方式:应用层面的心跳机制和传输层的TCP keepalive。通过TCP keepalive,Linux系统允许设置相关参数以开启和调整断线检测功能,确保连接的有效性和资源管理。
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面试时可能会问tcp双方通信,如果对端断电或者断网,那么本端能否知道?有什么危害?如何避免?

一、TCP存活(keep-alive)检测的背景

对于TCP设计来说,如果一个客户端和服务器端建立连接后,不在进行数据传输,那么这个连接将会一直存在下去,理论上即使中间的路由器崩溃重启、或者中间的网络线路拔掉再插上等等,只要客户端和服务器端的主机没有发生异常,这个TCP连接仍然是处于连接状态的。这样会有两个问题:

1、服务器端可能需要内存等资源保存每个连接的状态信息,即使这个连接在实际上已经不能通信而没有存在的必要了。比如客户端崩溃时,服务器可能仍然认为这个连接是有效的而继续占用为这个连接分配的资源

2、防火墙和NAT设备可能会保存一个连接超时的定时器,如果这个TCP连接长时间没有数据传输,定时器超时后,服务器端和客户端实际上已经不能在进行通信。

为了解决上面的两个问题,TCP连接需要一个存活(keepalive)检测机制,定时检测当前的TCP连接是否可用,以刷新防火墙和NAT信息,或者当检测到连接失败的时候释放相关资源。

二、存活检测的两种方式

1、应用

/******************************************************************************** * * * G-TcpClient:基于完成端口的Tcp客户端通讯模块(IOCP TcpClient) * * * * Copyright © 2009-2010 GuestCode 代码客(卢益贵) * * 版权所有 侵权必究 * * * * QQ:48092788 E-Mail:48092788@qq.com 源码博客:http://blog.csdn.net/guestcode * * * * GSN:34674B4D-1F63-11D3-B64C-11C04F79498E * * * ********************************************************************************/ #pragma once extern "C" { //>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 类型定义 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> #ifndef _GTYPE #define _GTYPE typedef unsigned char* PGBUF; typedef void(__stdcall *PGFN_ON_CONNECTED)(unsigned int unPerHandle, unsigned char* pBuf, unsigned int unLen); typedef void(__stdcall *PGFN_ON_RECEIVED)(unsigned int unPerHandle, unsigned char* pBuf, unsigned int unLen); typedef void(__stdcall *PGFN_ON_SENDED)(unsigned int unPerHandle, unsigned int unSendID, unsigned int unLen); typedef void(__stdcall *PGFN_ON_DISCONNECTED)(unsigned int unPerHandle, unsigned int unFlag); typedef void(__stdcall *PGFN_ON_THREAD)(unsigned int unThreadContext, unsigned int unThreadHandle, unsigned int unThreadID, BOOL bIsBegin, unsigned int unFlag); /* typedef struct _CONNECTION { unsigned int unPerHandle; }CONNECTION, *PCONNECTION; typedef void(__stdcall *PGFN_ON_CONNECTED)(unsigned int unPerHandle, unsigned char* pBuf, unsigned int unLen); typedef void(__stdcall *PGFN_ON_RECEIVED)(PCONNECTION pConnection, unsigned char* pBuf, unsigned int unLen); typedef void(__stdcall *PGFN_ON_SENDED)(PCONNECTION pConnection, unsigned int unSendID, unsigned int unLen); typedef void(__stdcall *PGFN_ON_DISCONNECTED)(PCONNECTION pConnection, unsigned int unFlag); void __stdcall GTcpClt_OnThread(unsigned int unThreadContext, unsigned int unThreadHandle, unsigned int unThreadID, BOOL bIsBegin, unsigned int unFlag) { } void __stdcall GTcpClt_OnConnected(unsigned int unPerHandle, void* _NULL, unsigned int unNULL) { } void __stdcall GTcpClt_OnReceived(PCONNECTION pConnection, unsigned char* pBuf, unsigned int unLen) { } void __stdcall GTcpClt_OnSended(PCONNECTION pConnection, unsigned int unSendID, unsigned int unLen) { } void __stdcall GTcpClt_OnDisconnected(PCONNECTION pConnection, unsigned int unFlag) { } */ #define _USE_UNICODE 1 #ifndef _DLL //#define _DLL #endif #ifdef _DLL #define DllExport _declspec(dllexport) #else #define DllExport #endif #define VER_FLAG_WIDE_CHAR 0x01 #define VER_FLAG_BETA 0x02 #define VER_FLAG_ZERO_READ 0x04 #define VER_FLAG_TRIAL 0x08 #define VER_FLAG_DEBUG 0x10 #define HNDS_CONNECT 1 #define HNDS_CONNECTED 2 #define HNDS_DISCONNECT 3 #endif //<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 类型定义 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 版本信息 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> #if(_USE_UNICODE) DllExport wchar_t* __stdcall GTcpClt_GetVersionName(void); #else DllExport char* __stdcall GTcpClt_GetVersionName(void); #endif DllExport float __stdcall GTcpClt_GetVersionNumber(void); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetVersionFlag(void); //<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 版本信息 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 功能函数 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> DllExport DWORDLONG __stdcall GTcpClt_GetPhyMemInfo(DWORDLONG* pdwTotal); #if(_USE_UNICODE) DllExport void __stdcall GTcpClt_WriteLog(wchar_t* pstrLog, unsigned int unCode = 0); DllExport void __stdcall GTcpClt_GetHostIP(wchar_t* pstrIP, unsigned int unLen, BOOL bIsInternetIP = FALSE); #else DllExport void __stdcall GTcpClt_WriteLog(char* pstrLog, unsigned int unCode = 0); DllExport void __stdcall GTcpClt_GetHostIP(char* pstrIP, unsigned int unLen, BOOL bIsInternetIP = FALSE); #endif //<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 功能函数 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> PerIoData函数 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetGBufSize(void); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetIoDataSize(void); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetIoDataUse(void); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetIoDataTotal(void); DllExport float __stdcall GTcpClt_GetIoDataUseRate(void); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetIoDataUseMem(void); //<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< PerIoData函数 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> PerHndData函数 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetHndDataUse(void); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetHndDataTotal(void); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetHndDataSize(void); DllExport float __stdcall GTcpClt_GetHndDataUseRate(void); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetHndDataUseMem(void); //<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< PerHndData函数 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 信息函数 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetThreadNumber(void); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetPageSize(void); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetBlockSize(void); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetConnectCount(void); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetThreadRunCount(unsigned int unThreadContext); DllExport unsigned int GTcpClt_GetState(unsigned int unPerHandle); #if(_USE_UNICODE) DllExport wchar_t* __stdcall GTcpClt_GetThreadName(unsigned int unThreadContext); DllExport BOOL __stdcall GTcpSock_GetPerHandleInfo(unsigned int unPerHandle, wchar_t* pstrIP, unsigned int unIPLen, wchar_t* pstrPort, unsigned int unPortLen); DllExport BOOL __stdcall GTcpSock_GetPerHandleName(unsigned int unPerHandle, wchar_t* pstrName, unsigned int unLen); #else DllExport char* __stdcall GTcpClt_GetThreadName(unsigned int unThreadContext); DllExport BOOL __stdcall GTcpSock_GetPerHandleInfo(unsigned int unPerHandle, char* pstrIP, unsigned int unIPLen, char* pstrPort, unsigned int unPortLen); DllExport BOOL __stdcall GTcpSock_GetPerHandleName(unsigned int unPerHandle, char* pstrName, unsigned int unLen); #endif DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetProcesserNumber(void); DllExport BOOL __stdcall GTcpClt_IsActive(); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_GetUseMem(void); //<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 信息函数 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 操作函数 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> DllExport void* __stdcall GTcpClt_GetPerHandleOwner(unsigned int unPerHandle); DllExport BOOL __stdcall GTcpClt_SetPerHandleOwner(unsigned int unPerHandle, void* pOwner); DllExport PGBUF __stdcall GTcpClt_AllocGBuf(void); DllExport BOOL __stdcall GTcpClt_FreeGBuf(PGBUF pGBuf); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_PostSendGBuf(unsigned int unPerHandle, PGBUF pGBuf, unsigned int unLen); DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_PostSendBuf(unsigned int unPerHandle, unsigned char* pBuf, unsigned int unLen); DllExport void __stdcall GTcpClt_PostBroadcast(unsigned char* pBuf, unsigned int unLen); //<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 操作函数 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 主要函数 DllExport BOOL __stdcall GTcpClt_CloseConnect(unsigned int unPerHandle); #if(_USE_UNICODE) DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_OpenConnect( wchar_t* pstrRemoteIP, wchar_t* pstrRemotePort, wchar_t* pstrLocalIP, PGFN_ON_CONNECTED pfnOnConnected, PGFN_ON_RECEIVED pfnOnReceived, PGFN_ON_SENDED pfnOnSended, PGFN_ON_DISCONNECTED pfnOnDisconnected, void* pOwner = NULL); #else DllExport unsigned int __stdcall GTcpClt_OpenConnect( char* pstrRemoteIP, char* pstrRemotePort, char* pstrLocalIP, PGFN_ON_CONNECTED pfnOnConnected, PGFN_ON_RECEIVED pfnOnReceived, PGFN_ON_SENDED pfnOnSended, PGFN_ON_DISCONNECTED pfnOnDisconnected, void* pOwner = NULL); #endif DllExport BOOL __stdcall GTcpClt_Start(unsigned int unHeartbeatTime = 60, unsigned int unMaxNetDelayTime = 5, unsigned int unGuardThreadSleepTime = 2, PGFN_ON_THREAD pfnOnThread = NULL, unsigned int unHndDataInitNumber = 1000, unsigned int unIoDataInitNumber = 1500, unsigned int unProcesserThreadNumber = 0, unsigned int unWorkerThreadNumber = 0); DllExport void __stdcall GTcpClt_Stop(void); //<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 主要函数 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< } /* ... extern "C" */
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