来看下 reduce 的源码:
################################################################################
### reduce() sequence to a single item
################################################################################
_initial_missing = object()
def reduce(function, sequence, initial=_initial_missing):
"""
reduce(function, sequence[, initial]) -> value
Apply a function of two arguments cumulatively to the items of a sequence,
from left to right, so as to reduce the sequence to a single value.
For example, reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) calculates
((((1+2)+3)+4)+5). If initial is present, it is placed before the items
of the sequence in the calculation, and serves as a default when the
sequence is empty.
"""
it = iter(sequence) # <----------- 将其变为一个迭代器
if initial is _initial_missing:
try:
value = next(it) # <----------- 取得 it 的第一个元素
except StopIteration:
raise TypeError("reduce() of empty sequence with no initial value") from None
else:
value = initial # <----------- 这一步一般没啥用,除非你手动指定最初元素
for element in it:
value = function(value, element) # 如果 value = next(it) 则从第二个元素开始
# 如果 value = initial 则 for 从 it 的第一个元素开始
return value
看下上边的注释,就更清楚了:
从左到右,将序列元素两两规约,直到为一个元素
举个例子:reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
最后返回的是这个结果:
((((1+2)+3)+4)+5)
如果
initial
传入参数,则在计算中将其放置在序列的项目之前,并在序列为空时用作默认值
再来看个例子:
在PaddleSeg Transform Normalize 的 __init__
中,有这么三行:
from functools import reduce
if reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, self.std) == 0:
raise ValueError('{}: std is invalid!'.format(self))
其实就是将 self.std 的三个元素相乘,如果有一个元素为0,则 raise ValueError
(因为 self.std 要做分母)
然而实际上是 从 _functools 中导入的,并没有用上边的Python代码
try:
from _functools import reduce
except ImportError:
pass