汇编语言学习笔记——2

汇编语言学习[2018-05-07]，第 2 天

Pentium 4处理器的执行单元、寄存器、标识寄存器

执行单元

• Simple-integer operations
• Complex-integer operations
• Floating-point operations

对于浮点执行单元，Pentium 4包含MMX（SIMD）和SSE指令集

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寄存器

IA-32平台主要的寄存器如下：

• General purpose Eight 32-bit registers used for storing working data
• Segment Six 16-bit registers used for handling memory access
• Instruction pointer A single 32-bit register pointing to the next instruction code to execute
• Floating-point data Eight 80-bit registers used for floating-point arithmetic data
• Control Five 32-bit registers used to determine the operating mode of the processor
• Debug Eight 32-bit registers used to contain information when debugging the processor
• General purpose Eight 32-bit registers used for storing working data
• General purpose Eight 32-bit registers used for storing working data
• General purpose Eight 32-bit registers used for storing working data

通用寄存器

• EAX Accumulator for operands and results data
• EBX Pointer to data in the data memory segment
• ECX Counter for string and loop operations
• EDX I/O pointer
• EDI Data pointer for destination of string operations
• ESI Data pointer for source of string operations
• ESP Stack pointer
• EBP Stack data pointer

32位的EAX, EBX, ECX, 和 EDX寄存器，也可以作为16位或8位寄存器使用：
AX、BX、CX、DX；AL、AH、BL、BH、CL、CH、DL、DH ；

段寄存器

• CS Code segment
• DS Data segment
• SS Stack segment
• ES Extra segment pointer
• FS Extra segment pointer
• GS Extra segment pointer

每个段寄存器都是16位的，保存内存段的起始地址 ；
DS, ES, FS, 和 GS通常指向数据段 ；
SS段寄存器，指向栈内存段 ；
当内存模式使用Real Mode时，所有段寄存器被置0，并且不会被程序修改 ；

IA-32平台支持的内存模型

• Flat memory model
• Segmented memory model
• Real-address mode

指令指针寄存器

EIP sometimes called the program counter, keeps track of the
next instruction code to execute

实模式下，指令指针指向实际内存地址 ；

段内存模式下，指令指针指向逻辑内存地址，基于CS寄存器的值 ；

控制寄存器

• CR0 System flags that control the operating mode and states of the
  processor
• CR1 Not currently used
• CR2 Memory page fault information
• CR3 Memory page directory information
• CR4 Flags that enable processor features and indicate feature capabilities
  of the processor

控制寄存器的值，不能直接读取和写入，可以将控制寄存器的值移入通用寄存器，然后读取，写入同理，将写入的值先写入通用寄存器，然后移入控制寄存器 ；

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标识寄存器

EFLAGS寄存器，用于探测处理器的操作结果；
IA-32平台，使用32寄存器保存一组status, control, and system flags ；

• Status flags
• Control flags
• System flags

Status flags

Flag	Bit	Name
CF	0	Carry flag
PF	2	Parity flag
AF	4	Adjust flag
ZF	6	Zero flag
SF	7	Sign flag
OF	11	Overflow flag

Control flags

当前只有DF flag, or direction flag.It is used to control the way strings are handled by the processor.

System flags

The system flags are used to control operating system–level operations. Application programs should
never attempt to modify the system flags.

Flag	Bit	Name
TF	8	Trap flag
IF	9	Interrupt enable flag
IOPL	12 and 13	I/O privilege level flag
NF	14	Nested taskflag
RF	16	Resume flag
VM	17	Virtual-8086 mode flag
AC	18	Alignment check flag
VIF	19	Virtual interrupt flag
VIP	20	Virtual interrupt pending flag
ID	21	Identification flag

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另外浮点数操作相关寄存器

FPU Register	Description
Data registers	Eight 80-bit registers for floating-point data
Status registers	16-bit register to report the status of the FPU
Control registers	16-bit register to control the precision of the FPU
Tag registers	16-bit register to describe the contents of the eight data registers
FIP registers	48-bit FPU instruction pointer (FIP) points to the next FPU instruction
FDP registers	48-bit FPU data pointer (FDP) points to the data in memory
Opcode registers	11-bit register to hold the last instruction processed by the FPU

其他内容摘录

• Multimedia extensions (MMX)：MMX was the first technology to support the Intel Single Instruction, Multiple
  Data (SIMD) execution model.
• Streaming SIMD extensions (SSE)
• Hyperthreading