设计模式之观察者模式（java）

观察者模式 = 主题 + 观察者（也叫订阅者）

观察者订阅一个主题，当主题内容有更新的时候，观察者可以接受到更新通知，在这里还分为俩种获取更新的方式

• 推送 ： 一旦主题有更新，就主动推送更新通知到各个观察者
• 拉取 : 主题有更新的时候，观察者需要主动去获取更新

下面我们来看一下基于推送的天气预报的例子，气象站是收集天气信息，WeatherData对象来保存气象数据，并且当WeatherData数据变化时，显示装置（CurrentConditionsDisplay）要动态显示数据的改变。

首先先定义Subject主题接口

public interface Subject {
    public void registerObserver(Observer o);
    public void removeObserver(Observer o);
    public void notifyObservers();
}

定义观察者接口Observer

public interface Observer {
    public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure);
}

定义显示装置的展示功能接口

public interface DisplayElement {
    public void display();
}

定义WeatherData类实现主题接口：

public class WeatherData implements Subject {
    private ArrayList observers;
    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;
    private float pressure;

    public WeatherData() {
        observers = new ArrayList();
    }

    @Override
    public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
        observers.add(o);
    }

    @Override
    public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
        int i = observers.indexOf(o);
        if(i > 0) {
            observers.remove(i);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void notifyObservers() {
        for (int i=0;i<observers.size();i++) {
            Observer observer = (Observer)observers.get(i);
            observer.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
        }
    }

    public void measurementsChanged() {
        notifyObservers();
    }

    public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        measurementsChanged();
    }

    public void setTemperature(float temperature) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
    }

    public void setHumidity(float humidity) {
        this.humidity = humidity;
    }

    public void setPressure(float pressure) {
        this.pressure = pressure;
    }

    public float getTemperature() {
        return temperature;
    }

    public float getHumidity() {
        return humidity;
    }

    public float getPressure() {
        return pressure;
    }
}

定义观察者实现类并实现显示装置的显示功能接口：

public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;
    private float pressure;
    private Subject weatherData; //这个引用在下文没有用到，取消注册就会用到

    public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Subject weatherData) {
        this.weatherData = weatherData;
        weatherData.registerObserver(this); //注册当前的观察者
    }

    @Override
    public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        display();
    }

    @Override
    public void display() {
        System.out.println("Current conditions: " + temperature + "F degrees and  " + humidity + "% humidity");
    }
}

主要的执行类（气象站）：

public class WeatherStation {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();

        CurrentConditionsDisplay currentConditionsDisplay = new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);

        weatherData.setMeasurements(80, 65, 30);
        weatherData.setMeasurements(82, 70, 29);
        weatherData.setMeasurements(83, 90, 28);
    }
}

运行结果截图：

上面时我们完全自己定义接口，下面我们看一下jdk原生内置的观察者模式，java.util.Obervable。（改一下上述的代码就可以，也能相互比较一下）

因为jdk帮我们实现了接口，我们就不需要定义Subject和Observer接口了，首先改变以下WeatherData：

public class WeatherData extends Observable {
    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;
    private float pressure;

    public WeatherData() {}

    public void measurementsChanged() {
        setChanged();
        notifyObservers();
    }

    public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        measurementsChanged();
    }

    public void setTemperature(float temperature) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
    }

    public void setHumidity(float humidity) {
        this.humidity = humidity;
    }

    public void setPressure(float pressure) {
        this.pressure = pressure;
    }

    public float getTemperature() {
        return temperature;
    }

    public float getHumidity() {
        return humidity;
    }

    public float getPressure() {
        return pressure;
    }
}

再修改一下CurrentConditionsDisplay：

public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;
    private float pressure;
    private Observable observable;

    public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Observable observable) {
        this.observable = observable;
        observable.addObserver(this);
    }

    public void update(Observable obs, Object arg) {
        if(obs instanceof WeatherData) {
            WeatherData weatherData = (WeatherData) obs;
            this.temperature = weatherData.getTemperature();
            this.humidity = weatherData.getHumidity();
            this.pressure = weatherData.getPressure();
            display();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void display() {
        System.out.println("Current conditions: " + temperature + "F degrees and  " + humidity + "% humidity");
    }
}

运行结果：

原生的不好的地方大家应该都看到了，就是直接使用继承Observable类来实现观察者模式的，这样会让代码耦合比较紧密，好的设计原则应该是“多用组合，少用继承”。