《java编程思想》第10章 内部类

内部类：将一个类的定义放在另一个类的定义内部。内部类与组合是完全不同的概念。10.8之后一般用不上。

10.1创建内部类

创建一个内部类：

//: innerclasses/Parcel1.java
// Creating inner classes.

public class Parcel1 {
  class Contents {
    private int i = 11;
    public int value() { return i; }
  }
  class Destination {
    private String label;
    Destination(String whereTo) {
      label = whereTo;
    }
    String readLabel() { return label; }
  }	
  // Using inner classes looks just like
  // using any other class, within Parcel1:
  public void ship(String dest) {
    Contents c = new Contents();
    Destination d = new Destination(dest);
    System.out.println(d.readLabel());
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Parcel1 p = new Parcel1();
    p.ship("Tasmania");
  }
} /* Output:
Tasmania
*///:~

ship()方法使用内部类，和普通方法一样。

特殊的用处：和上边的代码不同。

//: innerclasses/Parcel2.java
// Returning a reference to an inner class.

public class Parcel2 {
  class Contents {
    private int i = 11;
    public int value() { return i; }
  }
  class Destination {
    private String label;
    Destination(String whereTo) {
      label = whereTo;
    }
    String readLabel() { return label; }
  }
  public Destination to(String s) {
    return new Destination(s);
  }
  public Contents contents() {
    return new Contents();
  }
  public void ship(String dest) {
    Contents c = contents();
    Destination d = to(dest);
    System.out.println(d.readLabel());
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Parcel2 p = new Parcel2();
    p.ship("Tasmania");
    Parcel2 q = new Parcel2();
    // Defining references to inner classes:
    Parcel2.Contents c = q.contents();
    Parcel2.Destination d = q.to("Borneo");
  }
} /* Output:
Tasmania
*///:~

外部类有一个方法to()和contents()，该方法返回一个指向内部类的引用。

如果想从外部类的非静态方法之外的任意位置创建某个内部类的对象，必须指明对象的类型：

OuterClassName.InnerClassName.

10.2链接到外部类

内部类可以访问外围类的所有成员，不需要任何特殊条件。内部类还拥有其外围类的所有元素的访问权限：

//: innerclasses/Sequence.java
// Holds a sequence of Objects.

interface Selector {
  boolean end();
  Object current();
  void next();
}	

public class Sequence {
  private Object[] items;
  private int next = 0;
  public Sequence(int size) { items = new Object[size]; }
  public void add(Object x) {
    if(next < items.length)
      items[next++] = x;
  }
  private class SequenceSelector implements Selector {
    private int i = 0;
    public boolean end() { return i == items.length; }
    public Object current() { return items[i]; }
    public void next() { if(i < items.length) i++; }
  }
//自己注释：该方法返回一个指向内部类的引用
  public Selector selector() {
    return new SequenceSelector();
  }	
  public static void main(String[] args) {
//自己注释：外部类的构造方法
    Sequence sequence = new Sequence(10);
    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
      sequence.add(Integer.toString(i));
//自己注释：创建内部类的对象。
    Selector selector = sequence.selector();
    while(!selector.end()) {
      System.out.print(selector.current() + " ");
      selector.next();
    }
  }
} /* Output:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*///:~

SequenceSelector 中的items是外部类的。

内部类的对象只能在与外围类的对象相关联的情况下才能创建（在内部类是非static时）。

10.3使用.this和我.new

需要生成对外部类对象的引用，使用外部类名加this，编译器检查，所以没有开销。

//: innerclasses/DotThis.java
// Qualifying access to the outer-class object.

public class DotThis {
  void f() { System.out.println("DotThis.f()"); }
  public class Inner {
    public DotThis outer() {
      return DotThis.this;
      // A plain "this" would be Inner's "this"
    }
  }
  public Inner inner() { return new Inner(); }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    DotThis dt = new DotThis();
    DotThis.Inner dti = dt.inner();
    dti.outer().f();
  }
} /* Output:
DotThis.f()
*///:~

new的使用，告诉其他对象，创建某个内部类的对象。需要在new表达式中提供对外部类的引用：

//: innerclasses/DotNew.java
// Creating an inner class directly using the .new syntax.

public class DotNew {
  public class Inner {}
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    DotNew dn = new DotNew();
    DotNew.Inner dni = dn.new Inner();
  }
} ///:~

必须使用外部类对象创建内部类对象。

内部类对象会暗自连接到创建它的外部类上。嵌套类除外，静态内部类。：

//: innerclasses/Parcel3.java
// Using .new to create instances of inner classes.

public class Parcel3 {
  class Contents {
    private int i = 11;
    public int value() { return i; }
  }
  class Destination {
    private String label;
    Destination(String whereTo) { label = whereTo; }
    String readLabel() { return label; }
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Parcel3 p = new Parcel3();
    // Must use instance of outer class
    // to create an instance of the inner class:
    Parcel3.Contents c = p.new Contents();
    Parcel3.Destination d = p.new Destination("Tasmania");
  }
} ///:~

.new应用于Parcel

10.4内部类与向上转型

当将内部类向上转型为一个基类的时候，尤其是转型为接口的时候。

从实现了某个接口的对象，得到对此接口的引用。

//: innerclasses/Contents.java
public interface Contents {
  int value();
} ///:~
//: innerclasses/Destination.java
public interface Destination {
  String readLabel();
} ///:~

//自己备注：上边是接口


//: innerclasses/TestParcel.java

class Parcel4 {
  private class PContents implements Contents {
    private int i = 11;
    public int value() { return i; }
  }
  protected class PDestination implements Destination {
    private String label;
    private PDestination(String whereTo) {
      label = whereTo;
    }
    public String readLabel() { return label; }
  }
  public Destination destination(String s) {
    return new PDestination(s);
  }
  public Contents contents() {
    return new PContents();
  }
}

public class TestParcel {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Parcel4 p = new Parcel4();
    Contents c = p.contents();
    Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania");
    // Illegal -- can't access private class:
    //! Parcel4.PContents pc = p.new PContents();
  }
} ///:~

PContents是private,所以除了Parcel4外没人能访问他。

PDestination 是包访问权限。

10.5在方法和作用域内的内部类

可以在一个方法里面或者任意作用域定义内部类：

实现了某类型的接口，可以创建并返回对其的引用。希望创建一个类解决复杂问题，但是又不想这个类是公共可用的。

方法内部的类，局部内部类：

//: innerclasses/Parcel5.java
// Nesting a class within a method.

public class Parcel5 {
  public Destination destination(String s) {
    class PDestination implements Destination {
      private String label;
      private PDestination(String whereTo) {
        label = whereTo;
      }
      public String readLabel() { return label; }
    }
    return new PDestination(s);
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Parcel5 p = new Parcel5();
    Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania");
  }
} ///:~

destination方法之外不能方法内部类。return语句向上转型为Destination 。

在任意的作用域中内嵌一个内部类：

//: innerclasses/Parcel6.java
// Nesting a class within a scope.

public class Parcel6 {
  private void internalTracking(boolean b) {
    if(b) {
      class TrackingSlip {
        private String id;
        TrackingSlip(String s) {
          id = s;
        }
        String getSlip() { return id; }
      }
      TrackingSlip ts = new TrackingSlip("slip");
      String s = ts.getSlip();
    }
    // Can't use it here! Out of scope:
    //! TrackingSlip ts = new TrackingSlip("x");
  }	
  public void track() { internalTracking(true); }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Parcel6 p = new Parcel6();
    p.track();
  }
} ///:~

在定义TrackingSlip 这个类之外的作用域这个类不可用，其他与普通类没有任何区别。

10.6匿名内部类

匿名内部类：

//: innerclasses/Parcel7.java
// Returning an instance of an anonymous inner class.

public class Parcel7 {
  public Contents contents() {
    return new Contents() { // Insert a class definition
      private int i = 11;
      public int value() { return i; }
    }; // Semicolon required in this case
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Parcel7 p = new Parcel7();
    Contents c = p.contents();
  }
} ///:~

contents()方法将返回值的生成与表示这个返回值的类的定义结合在一起！创建一个继承自Contents的匿名类的对象。

上边代码是以下形式的简化形式：

//: innerclasses/Parcel7b.java
// Expanded version of Parcel7.java

public class Parcel7b {
  class MyContents implements Contents {
    private int i = 11;
    public int value() { return i; }
  }
  public Contents contents() { return new MyContents(); }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Parcel7b p = new Parcel7b();
    Contents c = p.contents();
  }
} ///:~

上边匿名类使用了默认构造器，以下代码是有参构造器的使用：x

//: innerclasses/Parcel8.java
// Calling the base-class constructor.

public class Parcel8 {
  public Wrapping wrapping(int x) {
    // Base constructor call:
    return new Wrapping(x) { // Pass constructor argument.
      public int value() {
        return super.value() * 47;
      }
    }; // Semicolon required
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Parcel8 p = new Parcel8();
    Wrapping w = p.wrapping(10);
  }
} ///:~

只需要简单地传递合适的参数给基类的构造器即可，这里是将x传进new Wrapping(x)。

在匿名内部类中定义字段：

//: innerclasses/Parcel9.java
// An anonymous inner class that performs
// initialization. A briefer version of Parcel5.java.

public class Parcel9 {
  // Argument must be final to use inside
  // anonymous inner class:
  public Destination destination(final String dest) {
    return new Destination() {
      private String label = dest;
      public String readLabel() { return label; }
    };
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Parcel9 p = new Parcel9();
    Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania");
  }
} ///:~

希望匿名内部类使用一个在外部定义的对象，编译器要求其参数引用定义为final。

通过实例初始化，实现为匿名内部类创建一个构造器的效果：

//: innerclasses/AnonymousConstructor.java
// Creating a constructor for an anonymous inner class.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

abstract class Base {
  public Base(int i) {
    print("Base constructor, i = " + i);
  }
  public abstract void f();
}	

public class AnonymousConstructor {
  public static Base getBase(int i) {
    return new Base(i) {
      { print("Inside instance initializer"); }
      public void f() {
        print("In anonymous f()");
      }
    };
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Base base = getBase(47);
    base.f();
  }
} /* Output:
Base constructor, i = 47
Inside instance initializer
In anonymous f()
*///:~

实例初始化：

//: innerclasses/Parcel10.java
// Using "instance initialization" to perform
// construction on an anonymous inner class.

public class Parcel10 {
  public Destination
  destination(final String dest, final float price) {
    return new Destination() {
      private int cost;
      // Instance initialization for each object:
      {
        cost = Math.round(price);
        if(cost > 100)
          System.out.println("Over budget!");
      }
      private String label = dest;
      public String readLabel() { return label; }
    };
  }	
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Parcel10 p = new Parcel10();
    Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania", 101.395F);
  }
} /* Output:
Over budget!
*///:~

优先使用类而不是接口：

//: innerclasses/Factories.java
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

interface Service {
  void method1();
  void method2();
}

interface ServiceFactory {
  Service getService();
}	

class Implementation1 implements Service {
  private Implementation1() {}
  public void method1() {print("Implementation1 method1");}
  public void method2() {print("Implementation1 method2");}
  public static ServiceFactory factory =
    new ServiceFactory() {
      public Service getService() {
        return new Implementation1();
      }
    };
}	

class Implementation2 implements Service {
  private Implementation2() {}
  public void method1() {print("Implementation2 method1");}
  public void method2() {print("Implementation2 method2");}
  public static ServiceFactory factory =
    new ServiceFactory() {
      public Service getService() {
        return new Implementation2();
      }
    };
}	

public class Factories {
  public static void serviceConsumer(ServiceFactory fact) {
    Service s = fact.getService();
    s.method1();
    s.method2();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    serviceConsumer(Implementation1.factory);
    // Implementations are completely interchangeable:
    serviceConsumer(Implementation2.factory);
  }
} /* Output:
Implementation1 method1
Implementation1 method2
Implementation2 method1
Implementation2 method2
*///:~

//: innerclasses/Games.java
// Using anonymous inner classes with the Game framework.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

interface Game { boolean move(); }
interface GameFactory { Game getGame(); }

class Checkers implements Game {
  private Checkers() {}
  private int moves = 0;
  private static final int MOVES = 3;
  public boolean move() {
    print("Checkers move " + moves);
    return ++moves != MOVES;
  }
  public static GameFactory factory = new GameFactory() {
    public Game getGame() { return new Checkers(); }
  };
}	

class Chess implements Game {
  private Chess() {}
  private int moves = 0;
  private static final int MOVES = 4;
  public boolean move() {
    print("Chess move " + moves);
    return ++moves != MOVES;
  }
  public static GameFactory factory = new GameFactory() {
    public Game getGame() { return new Chess(); }
  };
}	

public class Games {
  public static void playGame(GameFactory factory) {
    Game s = factory.getGame();
    while(s.move())
      ;
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    playGame(Checkers.factory);
    playGame(Chess.factory);
  }
} /* Output:
Checkers move 0
Checkers move 1
Checkers move 2
Chess move 0
Chess move 1
Chess move 2
Chess move 3
*///:~

10.7嵌套类

嵌套类：不需要内部类对象于其外围类对象之间有联系，将内部类声明为static。

创建嵌套类对象并不需要其外围类的对象。

不能从嵌套类的对象中访问非静态的外围类。

嵌套类：

//: innerclasses/Parcel11.java
// Nested classes (static inner classes).

public class Parcel11 {
  private static class ParcelContents implements Contents {
    private int i = 11;
    public int value() { return i; }
  }
  protected static class ParcelDestination
  implements Destination {
    private String label;
    private ParcelDestination(String whereTo) {
      label = whereTo;
    }
    public String readLabel() { return label; }	
    // Nested classes can contain other static elements:
    public static void f() {}
    static int x = 10;
    static class AnotherLevel {
      public static void f() {}
      static int x = 10;
    }
  }
  public static Destination destination(String s) {
    return new ParcelDestination(s);
  }
  public static Contents contents() {
    return new ParcelContents();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Contents c = contents();
    Destination d = destination("Tasmania");
  }
} ///:~

在main方法中，没有任何Parcel11对象是必须的。

接口内部的类，接口的内部类默认public static ，可以实现外围接口的：

//: innerclasses/ClassInInterface.java
// {main: ClassInInterface$Test}

public interface ClassInInterface {
  void howdy();
  class Test implements ClassInInterface {
    public void howdy() {
      System.out.println("Howdy!");
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
      new Test().howdy();
    }
  }
} /* Output:
Howdy!
*///:~

想要创建某些公共代码，使得他们可以被某个接口的所有不同实现所共用，可以使用接口内部的嵌套类。

可以使用嵌套类放置main测试代码：

//: innerclasses/TestBed.java
// Putting test code in a nested class.
// {main: TestBed$Tester}

public class TestBed {
  public void f() { System.out.println("f()"); }
  public static class Tester {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
      TestBed t = new TestBed();
      t.f();
    }
  }
} /* Output:
f()
*///:~

一个内部类无论被嵌套多少层，都能透明的访问所有它所嵌入的外围类的所有成员。

10.8为什么需要内部类

内部类一般继承自某个类或者实现某个接口，内部类的代码操作创建它的外围类的对象，所以可以认为内部类提供了某种进入其外围类的窗口。

每个内部类都能独立的继承自一个（接口的）实现，所以无论外围类是否已经继承了某个（接口的）实现。对于内部类都没有影响。内部类使得多重继承解决方案变得完整。

单一类和内部类：

//: innerclasses/MultiInterfaces.java
// Two ways that a class can implement multiple interfaces.
package innerclasses;

interface A {}
interface B {}

class X implements A, B {}

class Y implements A {
  B makeB() {
    // Anonymous inner class:
    return new B() {};
  }
}

public class MultiInterfaces {
  static void takesA(A a) {}
  static void takesB(B b) {}
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    X x = new X();
    Y y = new Y();
    takesA(x);
    takesA(y);
    takesB(x);
    takesB(y.makeB());
  }
} ///:~

内部类实现多重继承：

//: innerclasses/MultiImplementation.java
// With concrete or abstract classes, inner
// classes are the only way to produce the effect
// of "multiple implementation inheritance."
package innerclasses;

class D {}
abstract class E {}

class Z extends D {
  E makeE() { return new E() {}; }
}

public class MultiImplementation {
  static void takesD(D d) {}
  static void takesE(E e) {}
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Z z = new Z();
    takesD(z);
    takesE(z.makeE());
  }
} ///:~

闭包：是一个可调用的对象，它记录一些信息，这些信息来自于创建它的作用域。内部类是面向对象的闭包。

回调：对象能够携带一些信息，这些信息允许它在稍后的某个时刻调用初始的对象。

内部类提供闭包：

//: innerclasses/Callbacks.java
// Using inner classes for callbacks
package innerclasses;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

interface Incrementable {
  void increment();
}

// Very simple to just implement the interface:
class Callee1 implements Incrementable {
  private int i = 0;
  public void increment() {
    i++;
    print(i);
  }
}	

class MyIncrement {
  public void increment() { print("Other operation"); }
  static void f(MyIncrement mi) { mi.increment(); }
}	

// If your class must implement increment() in
// some other way, you must use an inner class:
class Callee2 extends MyIncrement {
  private int i = 0;
  public void increment() {
    super.increment();
    i++;
    print(i);
  }
  private class Closure implements Incrementable {
    public void increment() {
      // Specify outer-class method, otherwise
      // you'd get an infinite recursion:
      Callee2.this.increment();
    }
  }
  Incrementable getCallbackReference() {
    return new Closure();
  }
}	

class Caller {
  private Incrementable callbackReference;
  Caller(Incrementable cbh) { callbackReference = cbh; }
  void go() { callbackReference.increment(); }
}

public class Callbacks {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Callee1 c1 = new Callee1();
    Callee2 c2 = new Callee2();
    MyIncrement.f(c2);
    Caller caller1 = new Caller(c1);
    Caller caller2 = new Caller(c2.getCallbackReference());
    caller1.go();
    caller1.go();
    caller2.go();
    caller2.go();
  }	
} /* Output:
Other operation
1
1
2
Other operation
2
Other operation
3
*///:~

内部类与控制框架，接口描述了要控制的事件：

//: innerclasses/controller/Event.java
// The common methods for any control event.
package innerclasses.controller;

public abstract class Event {
  private long eventTime;
  protected final long delayTime;
  public Event(long delayTime) {
    this.delayTime = delayTime;
    start();
  }
  public void start() { // Allows restarting
    eventTime = System.nanoTime() + delayTime;
  }
  public boolean ready() {
    return System.nanoTime() >= eventTime;
  }
  public abstract void action();
} ///:~

//: innerclasses/controller/Controller.java
// The reusable framework for control systems.
package innerclasses.controller;
import java.util.*;

public class Controller {
  // A class from java.util to hold Event objects:
  private List<Event> eventList = new ArrayList<Event>();
  public void addEvent(Event c) { eventList.add(c); }
  public void run() {
    while(eventList.size() > 0)
      // Make a copy so you're not modifying the list
      // while you're selecting the elements in it:
      for(Event e : new ArrayList<Event>(eventList))
        if(e.ready()) {
          System.out.println(e);
          e.action();
          eventList.remove(e);
        }
  }
} ///:~

典型的应用框架：

//: innerclasses/GreenhouseControls.java
// This produces a specific application of the
// control system, all in a single class. Inner
// classes allow you to encapsulate different
// functionality for each type of event.
import innerclasses.controller.*;

public class GreenhouseControls extends Controller {
  private boolean light = false;
  public class LightOn extends Event {
    public LightOn(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); }
    public void action() {
      // Put hardware control code here to
      // physically turn on the light.
      light = true;
    }
    public String toString() { return "Light is on"; }
  }	
  public class LightOff extends Event {
    public LightOff(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); }
    public void action() {
      // Put hardware control code here to
      // physically turn off the light.
      light = false;
    }
    public String toString() { return "Light is off"; }
  }
  private boolean water = false;
  public class WaterOn extends Event {
    public WaterOn(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); }
    public void action() {
      // Put hardware control code here.
      water = true;
    }
    public String toString() {
      return "Greenhouse water is on";
    }
  }	
  public class WaterOff extends Event {
    public WaterOff(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); }
    public void action() {
      // Put hardware control code here.
      water = false;
    }
    public String toString() {
      return "Greenhouse water is off";
    }
  }
  private String thermostat = "Day";	
  public class ThermostatNight extends Event {
    public ThermostatNight(long delayTime) {
      super(delayTime);
    }
    public void action() {
      // Put hardware control code here.
      thermostat = "Night";
    }
    public String toString() {
      return "Thermostat on night setting";
    }
  }	
  public class ThermostatDay extends Event {
    public ThermostatDay(long delayTime) {
      super(delayTime);
    }
    public void action() {
      // Put hardware control code here.
      thermostat = "Day";
    }
    public String toString() {
      return "Thermostat on day setting";
    }
  }
  // An example of an action() that inserts a
  // new one of itself into the event list:
  public class Bell extends Event {
    public Bell(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); }
    public void action() {
      addEvent(new Bell(delayTime));
    }
    public String toString() { return "Bing!"; }
  }	
  public class Restart extends Event {
    private Event[] eventList;
    public Restart(long delayTime, Event[] eventList) {
      super(delayTime);
      this.eventList = eventList;
      for(Event e : eventList)
        addEvent(e);
    }
    public void action() {
      for(Event e : eventList) {
        e.start(); // Rerun each event
        addEvent(e);
      }
      start(); // Rerun this Event
      addEvent(this);
    }
    public String toString() {
      return "Restarting system";
    }
  }	
  public static class Terminate extends Event {
    public Terminate(long delayTime) { super(delayTime); }
    public void action() { System.exit(0); }
    public String toString() { return "Terminating";  }
  }
} ///:~

命令模式例子：

//: innerclasses/GreenhouseController.java
// Configure and execute the greenhouse system.
// {Args: 5000}
import innerclasses.controller.*;

public class GreenhouseController {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    GreenhouseControls gc = new GreenhouseControls();
    // Instead of hard-wiring, you could parse
    // configuration information from a text file here:
    gc.addEvent(gc.new Bell(900));
    Event[] eventList = {
      gc.new ThermostatNight(0),
      gc.new LightOn(200),
      gc.new LightOff(400),
      gc.new WaterOn(600),
      gc.new WaterOff(800),
      gc.new ThermostatDay(1400)
    };	
    gc.addEvent(gc.new Restart(2000, eventList));
    if(args.length == 1)
      gc.addEvent(
        new GreenhouseControls.Terminate(
          new Integer(args[0])));
    gc.run();
  }
} /* Output:
Bing!
Thermostat on night setting
Light is on
Light is off
Greenhouse water is on
Greenhouse water is off
Thermostat on day setting
Restarting system
Terminating
*///:~

10.9内部类的继承

因为内部类的构造器必须连接到指向其外围类对象的引用。

//: innerclasses/InheritInner.java
// Inheriting an inner class.

class WithInner {
  class Inner {}
}

public class InheritInner extends WithInner.Inner {
  //! InheritInner() {} // Won't compile
  InheritInner(WithInner wi) {
    wi.super();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    WithInner wi = new WithInner();
    InheritInner ii = new InheritInner(wi);
  }
} ///:~

10.10内部类可以被覆盖吗

//: innerclasses/BigEgg.java
// An inner class cannot be overriden like a method.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Egg {
  private Yolk y;
  protected class Yolk {
    public Yolk() { print("Egg.Yolk()"); }
  }
  public Egg() {
    print("New Egg()");
    y = new Yolk();
  }
}	

public class BigEgg extends Egg {
  public class Yolk {
    public Yolk() { print("BigEgg.Yolk()"); }
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    new BigEgg();
  }
} /* Output:
New Egg()
Egg.Yolk()
*///:~

当继承了某个外围类的时候，内部类并没有发生什么变化。这两个内部类是完全独立的两个实体，各自在自己的命名空间内：

//: innerclasses/BigEgg2.java
// Proper inheritance of an inner class.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Egg2 {
  protected class Yolk {
    public Yolk() { print("Egg2.Yolk()"); }
    public void f() { print("Egg2.Yolk.f()");}
  }
  private Yolk y = new Yolk();
  public Egg2() { print("New Egg2()"); }
  public void insertYolk(Yolk yy) { y = yy; }
  public void g() { y.f(); }
}	

public class BigEgg2 extends Egg2 {
  public class Yolk extends Egg2.Yolk {
    public Yolk() { print("BigEgg2.Yolk()"); }
    public void f() { print("BigEgg2.Yolk.f()"); }
  }
  public BigEgg2() { insertYolk(new Yolk()); }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Egg2 e2 = new BigEgg2();
    e2.g();
  }
} /* Output:
Egg2.Yolk()
New Egg2()
Egg2.Yolk()
BigEgg2.Yolk()
BigEgg2.Yolk.f()
*///:~

 

10.11局部内部类

//: innerclasses/LocalInnerClass.java
// Holds a sequence of Objects.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

interface Counter {
  int next();
}	

public class LocalInnerClass {
  private int count = 0;
  Counter getCounter(final String name) {
    // A local inner class:
    class LocalCounter implements Counter {
      public LocalCounter() {
        // Local inner class can have a constructor
        print("LocalCounter()");
      }
      public int next() {
        printnb(name); // Access local final
        return count++;
      }
    }
    return new LocalCounter();
  }	
  // The same thing with an anonymous inner class:
  Counter getCounter2(final String name) {
    return new Counter() {
      // Anonymous inner class cannot have a named
      // constructor, only an instance initializer:
      {
        print("Counter()");
      }
      public int next() {
        printnb(name); // Access local final
        return count++;
      }
    };
  }	
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    LocalInnerClass lic = new LocalInnerClass();
    Counter
      c1 = lic.getCounter("Local inner "),
      c2 = lic.getCounter2("Anonymous inner ");
    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
      print(c1.next());
    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
      print(c2.next());
  }
} /* Output:
LocalCounter()
Counter()
Local inner 0
Local inner 1
Local inner 2
Local inner 3
Local inner 4
Anonymous inner 5
Anonymous inner 6
Anonymous inner 7
Anonymous inner 8
Anonymous inner 9
*///:~

匿名内部类只能用实例初始化。

10.12内部类标识符

Java的每个类都会产生一个class文件，所以内部类也会，包括匿名内部类。

外围类名字$内部类名字.class

外围类名字$1.class      //匿名内部类

10.13总结

在设计阶段考虑使用接口或者内部类。