排序算法大全（附源码）

在软件开发中，排序算法是数据处理的重要组成部分。下面是八种经典排序算法的 Java 实现及其说明。

1. 冒泡排序 (Bubble Sort)

原理：通过反复比较相邻的元素并交换，使得最大的元素冒泡到序列的末尾。

public class BubbleSort {
    public static void bubbleSort(int[] arr) {
        int n = arr.length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
            boolean swapped = false;
            for (int j = 0; j < n - 1 - i; j++) {
                if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {
                    int temp = arr[j];
                    arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
                    arr[j + 1] = temp;
                    swapped = true;
                }
            }
            // 若没有发生交换，说明已经排序完成
            if (!swapped) break;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = {5, 1, 4, 2, 8};
        bubbleSort(arr);
        for (int num : arr) {
            System.out.print(num + " ");
        }
    }
}

2. 选择排序 (Selection Sort)

原理：每次选择未排序序列中的最小元素，放到已排序序列的末尾。

public class SelectionSort {
    public static void selectionSort(int[] arr) {
        int n = arr.length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
            int minIndex = i;
            for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
                if (arr[j] < arr[minIndex]) {
                    minIndex = j;
                }
            }
            int temp = arr[minIndex];
            arr[minIndex] = arr[i];
            arr[i] = temp;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = {64, 25, 12, 22, 11};
        selectionSort(arr);
        for (int num : arr) {
            System.out.print(num + " ");
        }
    }
}

3. 插入排序 (Insertion Sort)

原理：将未排序序列中的元素插入到已排序序列的适当位置。

public class InsertionSort {
    public static void insertionSort(int[] arr) {
        int n = arr.length;
        for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
            int key = arr[i];
            int j = i - 1;
            while (j >= 0 && arr[j] > key) {
                arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
                j = j - 1;
            }
            arr[j + 1] = key;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = {12, 11, 13, 5, 6};
        insertionSort(arr);
        for (int num : arr) {
            System.out.print(num + " ");
        }
    }
}

4. 归并排序 (Merge Sort)

原理：将序列分成两部分，分别排序后再合并。

public class MergeSort {
    public static void mergeSort(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
        if (left < right) {
            int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
            mergeSort(arr, left, mid);
            mergeSort(arr, mid + 1, right);
            merge(arr, left, mid, right);
        }
    }

    private static void merge(int[] arr, int left, int mid, int right) {
        int n1 = mid - left + 1;
        int n2 = right - mid;

        int[] leftArr = new int[n1];
        int[] rightArr = new int[n2];

        System.arraycopy(arr, left, leftArr, 0, n1);
        System.arraycopy(arr, mid + 1, rightArr, 0, n2);

        int i = 0, j = 0;
        int k = left;
        while (i < n1 && j < n2) {
            if (leftArr[i] <= rightArr[j]) {
                arr[k] = leftArr[i];
                i++;
            } else {
                arr[k] = rightArr[j];
                j++;
            }
            k++;
        }

        while (i < n1) {
            arr[k] = leftArr[i];
            i++;
            k++;
        }

        while (j < n2) {
            arr[k] = rightArr[j];
            j++;
            k++;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = {12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7};
        mergeSort(arr, 0, arr.length - 1);
        for (int num : arr) {
            System.out.print(num + " ");
        }
    }
}

5. 快速排序 (Quick Sort)

原理：通过选择一个基准元素，将数组分成两部分，使得左侧都小于基准，右侧都大于基准，然后递归排序。

public class QuickSort {
    public static void quickSort(int[] arr, int low, int high) {
        if (low < high) {
            int pi = partition(arr, low, high);
            quickSort(arr, low, pi - 1);
            quickSort(arr, pi + 1, high);
        }
    }

    private static int partition(int[] arr, int low, int high) {
        int pivot = arr[high];
        int i = (low - 1);
        for (int j = low; j < high; j++) {
            if (arr[j] <= pivot) {
                i++;
                int temp = arr[i];
                arr[i] = arr[j];
                arr[j] = temp;
            }
        }
        int temp = arr[i + 1];
        arr[i + 1] = arr[high];
        arr[high] = temp;
        return i + 1;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = {10, 80, 30, 90, 40, 50, 70};
        quickSort(arr, 0, arr.length - 1);
        for (int num : arr) {
            System.out.print(num + " ");
        }
    }
}

6. 希尔排序 (Shell Sort)

原理：基于插入排序，将序列按照一定的步长进行分组，然后分别进行插入排序。

public class ShellSort {
    public static void shellSort(int[] arr) {
        int n = arr.length;
        for (int gap = n / 2; gap > 0; gap /= 2) {
            for (int i = gap; i < n; i++) {
                int temp = arr[i];
                int j;
                for (j = i; j >= gap && arr[j - gap] > temp; j -= gap) {
                    arr[j] = arr[j - gap];
                }
                arr[j] = temp;
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = {12, 34, 54, 2, 3};
        shellSort(arr);
        for (int num : arr) {
            System.out.print(num + " ");
        }
    }
}

7. 堆排序 (Heap Sort)

原理：通过构建最大堆或最小堆，逐步将最大或最小的元素放置在排序数组的正确位置。

public class HeapSort {
    public static void heapSort(int[] arr) {
        int n = arr.length;
        for (int i = n / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            heapify(arr, n, i);
        }
        for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            int temp = arr[0];
            arr[0] = arr[i];
            arr[i] = temp;
            heapify(arr, i, 0);
        }
    }

    private static void heapify(int[] arr, int n, int i) {
        int largest = i;
        int left = 2 * i + 1;
        int right = 2 * i + 2;
        if (left < n && arr[left] > arr[largest]) {
            largest = left;
        }
        if (right < n && arr[right] > arr[largest]) {
            largest = right;
        }
        if (largest != i) {
            int swap = arr[i];
            arr[i] = arr[largest];
            arr[largest] = swap;
            heapify(arr, n, largest);
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = {12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7};
        heapSort(arr);
        for (int num : arr) {
            System.out.print(num + " ");
        }
    }
}

8. 计数排序 (Counting Sort)

原理：基于计数数组对数据进行统计排序，适

用于正整数范围较小的数组。

public class CountingSort {
    public static void countingSort(int[] arr) {
        int max = getMax(arr);
        int[] count = new int[max + 1];
        for (int value : arr) {
            count[value]++;
        }
        int index = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i <= max; i++) {
            while (count[i] > 0) {
                arr[index++] = i;
                count[i]--;
            }
        }
    }

    private static int getMax(int[] arr) {
        int max = arr[0];
        for (int value : arr) {
            if (value > max) {
                max = value;
            }
        }
        return max;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = {4, 2, 2, 8, 3, 3, 1};
        countingSort(arr);
        for (int num : arr) {
            System.out.print(num + " ");
        }
    }
}

通过这八大排序算法的 Java 实现，你可以更好地理解排序算法的工作原理与应用场景。