【我的Python可视化笔记-03】动图1：绘图中的Line2D以及动图

关键函数：

• fig, ax = plt.subplots()
• line, = plt.plot([1], [1], 'ro')
• line.set_data([1, 2, 3], [1, 4, 9])
• line, = plt.plot(line.get_xdata(), line.get_ydata(), 'ro')
• line.get_xdata()
• line.get_ydata()

一些理解：

• 绘图中的很多内容都是对象。一般比较常用的就是Figure对象，Axes对象，Line2D对象等。
• Axes对象（绘图区域对象）可以对图像进行非常精细的控制，因此要学好相关的用法。
• Line2D对象，又是比Axes对象更为底层的一个对象。他把图中的每一条线都作为一个对象返回回来。我们可以对这条线进行操作。

简单绘图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

plt.plot([1], [1], 'ro')

plt.show() 

接收plot函数返回的Line2D对象

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 

# 我们模拟 y = x ** 2的图像

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

# 画第一张图，用line接收返回来的对象，记住一定要有逗号，因为接收的是一个元组，我们只关心第一个返回的值
line, = plt.plot([1], [1], 'ro')
plt.savefig('1.png')


line.set_data([1, 2], [1, 4])
line, = plt.plot(line.get_xdata(), line.get_ydata(), 'ro')
plt.savefig('2.png')

line.set_data([1, 2, 3], [1, 4, 9])
line, = plt.plot(line.get_xdata(), line.get_ydata(), 'ro')
plt.savefig('3.png')

plt.show() 

接收plot函数返回的Line2D对象并固定坐标轴刻度

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 

# 我们模拟 y = x ** 2的图像

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.set_xlim(0, 5)
ax.set_ylim(0, 10)


# 画第一张图，用line接收返回来的对象，记住一定要有逗号，因为接收的是一个元组，我们只关心第一个返回的值
line, = plt.plot([1], [1], 'ro')
plt.savefig('1.png')


line.set_data([1, 2], [1, 4])
line, = plt.plot(line.get_xdata(), line.get_ydata(), 'ro')
plt.savefig('2.png')

line.set_data([1, 2, 3], [1, 4, 9])
line, = plt.plot(line.get_xdata(), line.get_ydata(), 'ro')
plt.savefig('3.png')

plt.show() 

plot函数详解

plot(*args, scalex=True, scaley=True, data=None, **kwargs)
    Plot y versus x as lines and/or markers.
    
    Call signatures::
    
        plot([x], y, [fmt], *, data=None, **kwargs)
        plot([x], y, [fmt], [x2], y2, [fmt2], ..., **kwargs)
    
    The coordinates of the points or line nodes are given by *x*, *y*.
    
    The optional parameter *fmt* is a convenient way for defining basic
    formatting like color, marker and linestyle. It's a shortcut string
    notation described in the *Notes* section below.
    
    >>> plot(x, y)        # plot x and y using default line style and color
    >>> plot(x, y, 'bo')  # plot x and y using blue circle markers
    >>> plot(y)           # plot y using x as index array 0..N-1
    >>> plot(y, 'r+')     # ditto, but with red plusses
    
    You can use `.Line2D` properties as keyword arguments for more
    control on the appearance. Line properties and *fmt* can be mixed.
    The following two calls yield identical results:
    
    >>> plot(x, y, 'go--', linewidth=2, markersize=12)
    >>> plot(x, y, color='green', marker='o', linestyle='dashed',
    ...      linewidth=2, markersize=12)
    
    When conflicting with *fmt*, keyword arguments take precedence.
    
    
    **Plotting labelled data**
    
    There's a convenient way for plotting objects with labelled data (i.e.
    data that can be accessed by index ``obj['y']``). Instead of giving
    the data in *x* and *y*, you can provide the object in the *data*
    parameter and just give the labels for *x* and *y*::
    
    >>> plot('xlabel', 'ylabel', data=obj)
    
    All indexable objects are supported. This could e.g. be a `dict`, a
    `pandas.DataFrame` or a structured numpy array.
    
    
    **Plotting multiple sets of data**
    
    There are various ways to plot multiple sets of data.
    
    - The most straight forward way is just to call `plot` multiple times.
      Example:
    
      >>> plot(x1, y1, 'bo')
      >>> plot(x2, y2, 'go')
    
    - Alternatively, if your data is already a 2d array, you can pass it
      directly to *x*, *y*. A separate data set will be drawn for every
      column.
    
      Example: an array ``a`` where the first column represents the *x*
      values and the other columns are the *y* columns::
    
      >>> plot(a[0], a[1:])
    
    - The third way is to specify multiple sets of *[x]*, *y*, *[fmt]*
      groups::
    
      >>> plot(x1, y1, 'g^', x2, y2, 'g-')
    
      In this case, any additional keyword argument applies to all
      datasets. Also this syntax cannot be combined with the *data*
      parameter.
    
    By default, each line is assigned a different style specified by a
    'style cycle'. The *fmt* and line property parameters are only
    necessary if you want explicit deviations from these defaults.
    Alternatively, you can also change the style cycle using
    :rc:`axes.prop_cycle`.
    
    
    Parameters
    ----------
    x, y : array-like or scalar
        The horizontal / vertical coordinates of the data points.
        *x* values are optional and default to ``range(len(y))``.
    
        Commonly, these parameters are 1D arrays.
    
        They can also be scalars, or two-dimensional (in that case, the
        columns represent separate data sets).
    
        These arguments cannot be passed as keywords.
    
    fmt : str, optional
        A format string, e.g. 'ro' for red circles. See the *Notes*
        section for a full description of the format strings.
    
        Format strings are just an abbreviation for quickly setting
        basic line properties. All of these and more can also be
        controlled by keyword arguments.
    
        This argument cannot be passed as keyword.
    
    data : indexable object, optional
        An object with labelled data. If given, provide the label names to
        plot in *x* and *y*.
    
        .. note::
            Technically there's a slight ambiguity in calls where the
            second label is a valid *fmt*. ``plot('n', 'o', data=obj)``
            could be ``plt(x, y)`` or ``plt(y, fmt)``. In such cases,
            the former interpretation is chosen, but a warning is issued.
            You may suppress the warning by adding an empty format string
            ``plot('n', 'o', '', data=obj)``.
    
    Returns
    -------
    list of `.Line2D`
        A list of lines representing the plotted data.
    
    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    scalex, scaley : bool, default: True
        These parameters determine if the view limits are adapted to the
        data limits. The values are passed on to `autoscale_view`.
    
    **kwargs : `.Line2D` properties, optional
        *kwargs* are used to specify properties like a line label (for
        auto legends), linewidth, antialiasing, marker face color.
        Example::
    
        >>> plot([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], 'go-', label='line 1', linewidth=2)
        >>> plot([1, 2, 3], [1, 4, 9], 'rs', label='line 2')
    
        If you make multiple lines with one plot call, the kwargs
        apply to all those lines.
    
        Here is a list of available `.Line2D` properties:
    
        Properties:
        agg_filter: a filter function, which takes a (m, n, 3) float array and a dpi value, and returns a (m, n, 3) array
        alpha: float or None
        animated: bool
        antialiased or aa: bool
        clip_box: `.Bbox`
        clip_on: bool
        clip_path: Patch or (Path, Transform) or None
        color or c: color
        contains: unknown
        dash_capstyle: {'butt', 'round', 'projecting'}
        dash_joinstyle: {'miter', 'round', 'bevel'}
        dashes: sequence of floats (on/off ink in points) or (None, None)
        data: (2, N) array or two 1D arrays
        drawstyle or ds: {'default', 'steps', 'steps-pre', 'steps-mid', 'steps-post'}, default: 'default'
        figure: `.Figure`
        fillstyle: {'full', 'left', 'right', 'bottom', 'top', 'none'}
        gid: str
        in_layout: bool
        label: object
        linestyle or ls: {'-', '--', '-.', ':', '', (offset, on-off-seq), ...}
        linewidth or lw: float
        marker: marker style string, `~.path.Path` or `~.markers.MarkerStyle`
        markeredgecolor or mec: color
        markeredgewidth or mew: float
        markerfacecolor or mfc: color
        markerfacecoloralt or mfcalt: color
        markersize or ms: float
        markevery: None or int or (int, int) or slice or List[int] or float or (float, float) or List[bool]
        path_effects: `.AbstractPathEffect`
        picker: unknown
        pickradius: float
        rasterized: bool or None
        sketch_params: (scale: float, length: float, randomness: float)
        snap: bool or None
        solid_capstyle: {'butt', 'round', 'projecting'}
        solid_joinstyle: {'miter', 'round', 'bevel'}
        transform: `matplotlib.transforms.Transform`
        url: str
        visible: bool
        xdata: 1D array
        ydata: 1D array
        zorder: float
    
    See Also
    --------
    scatter : XY scatter plot with markers of varying size and/or color (
        sometimes also called bubble chart).
    
    Notes
    -----
    **Format Strings**
    
    A format string consists of a part for color, marker and line::
    
        fmt = '[marker][line][color]'
    
    Each of them is optional. If not provided, the value from the style
    cycle is used. Exception: If ``line`` is given, but no ``marker``,
    the data will be a line without markers.
    
    Other combinations such as ``[color][marker][line]`` are also
    supported, but note that their parsing may be ambiguous.
    
    **Markers**
    
    =============    ===============================
    character        description
    =============    ===============================
    ``'.'``          point marker
    ``','``          pixel marker
    ``'o'``          circle marker
    ``'v'``          triangle_down marker
    ``'^'``          triangle_up marker
    ``'<'``          triangle_left marker
    ``'>'``          triangle_right marker
    ``'1'``          tri_down marker
    ``'2'``          tri_up marker
    ``'3'``          tri_left marker
    ``'4'``          tri_right marker
    ``'s'``          square marker
    ``'p'``          pentagon marker
    ``'*'``          star marker
    ``'h'``          hexagon1 marker
    ``'H'``          hexagon2 marker
    ``'+'``          plus marker
    ``'x'``          x marker
    ``'D'``          diamond marker
    ``'d'``          thin_diamond marker
    ``'|'``          vline marker
    ``'_'``          hline marker
    =============    ===============================
    
    **Line Styles**
    
    =============    ===============================
    character        description
    =============    ===============================
    ``'-'``          solid line style
    ``'--'``         dashed line style
    ``'-.'``         dash-dot line style
    ``':'``          dotted line style
    =============    ===============================
    
    Example format strings::
    
        'b'    # blue markers with default shape
        'or'   # red circles
        '-g'   # green solid line
        '--'   # dashed line with default color
        '^k:'  # black triangle_up markers connected by a dotted line
    
    **Colors**
    
    The supported color abbreviations are the single letter codes
    
    =============    ===============================
    character        color
    =============    ===============================
    ``'b'``          blue
    ``'g'``          green
    ``'r'``          red
    ``'c'``          cyan
    ``'m'``          magenta
    ``'y'``          yellow
    ``'k'``          black
    ``'w'``          white
    =============    ===============================
    
    and the ``'CN'`` colors that index into the default property cycle.
    
    If the color is the only part of the format string, you can
    additionally use any  `matplotlib.colors` spec, e.g. full names
    (``'green'``) or hex strings (``'#008000'``).