Skip List（跳跃表）与ConcurrentSkipListMap

学习来源： skip list

【算法导论33】跳跃表（Skip list）原理与java实现

Skip List（跳跃表）原理详解与实现

Skip List是一种随机化的数据结构，基于并联的链表，有多级的索引可以跳过大段的区间，其效率可比拟于二叉查找树（log n)。基本上，跳跃列表是对有序的链表增加上附加的前进链接，增加是以随机化的方式进行的，所以在列表中的查找可以快速的跳过部分列表(因此得名)。Skip List可以很好解决有序链表查找特定值的困难。使用skip list统计比指定的数值小的项的个数的时间复杂度是log(n)级的，节点中的数值发生变化时，更新的代价也是log(n)级。

Skip list的性质
(1) 由很多层结构组成，level是通过一定的概率随机产生的。
(2) 每一层都是一个有序的链表，默认是升序，也可以根据创建映射时所提供的Comparator进行排序，具体取决于使用的构造方法。
(3) 最底层(Level 1)的链表包含所有元素。
(4) 如果一个元素出现在Level i 的链表中，则它在Level i 之下的链表也都会出现。
(5) 每个节点包含两个指针，一个指向同一链表中的下一个元素，一个指向下面一层的元素。

以下的图片是从上面学习的三个连接中获取过来：

ConcurrentSkipListMap提供了一种线程安全的并发访问的排序映射表。内部是SkipList（跳表）结构实现，在理论上能够在O(log(n))时间内完成查找、插入、删除操作。

查找和插入的jdk源码：

private V doPut(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
        Node<K,V> z;             // added node
        if (key == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        Comparator<? super K> cmp = comparator;
        outer: for (;;) {
            for (Node<K,V> b = findPredecessor(key, cmp), n = b.next;;) {
                if (n != null) {
                    Object v; int c;
                    Node<K,V> f = n.next;
                    if (n != b.next)               // inconsistent read
                        break;
                    if ((v = n.value) == null) {   // n is deleted
                        n.helpDelete(b, f);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (b.value == null || v == n) // b is deleted
                        break;
                    if ((c = cpr(cmp, key, n.key)) > 0) {
                        b = n;
                        n = f;
                        continue;
                    }
                    if (c == 0) {
                        if (onlyIfAbsent || n.casValue(v, value)) {
                            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") V vv = (V)v;
                            return vv;
                        }
                        break; // restart if lost race to replace value
                    }
                    // else c < 0; fall through
                }

                z = new Node<K,V>(key, value, n);
                if (!b.casNext(n, z))
                    break;         // restart if lost race to append to b
                break outer;
            }
        }

        int rnd = ThreadLocalRandom.nextSecondarySeed();
        if ((rnd & 0x80000001) == 0) { // test highest and lowest bits
            int level = 1, max;
            while (((rnd >>>= 1) & 1) != 0)
                ++level;
            Index<K,V> idx = null;
            HeadIndex<K,V> h = head;
            if (level <= (max = h.level)) {
                for (int i = 1; i <= level; ++i)
                    idx = new Index<K,V>(z, idx, null);
            }
            else { // try to grow by one level
                level = max + 1; // hold in array and later pick the one to use
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")Index<K,V>[] idxs =
                    (Index<K,V>[])new Index<?,?>[level+1];
                for (int i = 1; i <= level; ++i)
                    idxs[i] = idx = new Index<K,V>(z, idx, null);
                for (;;) {
                    h = head;
                    int oldLevel = h.level;
                    if (level <= oldLevel) // lost race to add level
                        break;
                    HeadIndex<K,V> newh = h;
                    Node<K,V> oldbase = h.node;
                    for (int j = oldLevel+1; j <= level; ++j)
                        newh = new HeadIndex<K,V>(oldbase, newh, idxs[j], j);
                    if (casHead(h, newh)) {
                        h = newh;
                        idx = idxs[level = oldLevel];
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            // find insertion points and splice in
            splice: for (int insertionLevel = level;;) {
                int j = h.level;
                for (Index<K,V> q = h, r = q.right, t = idx;;) {
                    if (q == null || t == null)
                        break splice;
                    if (r != null) {
                        Node<K,V> n = r.node;
                        // compare before deletion check avoids needing recheck
                        int c = cpr(cmp, key, n.key);
                        if (n.value == null) {
                            if (!q.unlink(r))
                                break;
                            r = q.right;
                            continue;
                        }
                        if (c > 0) {
                            q = r;
                            r = r.right;
                            continue;
                        }
                    }

                    if (j == insertionLevel) {
                        if (!q.link(r, t))
                            break; // restart
                        if (t.node.value == null) {
                            findNode(key);
                            break splice;
                        }
                        if (--insertionLevel == 0)
                            break splice;
                    }

                    if (--j >= insertionLevel && j < level)
                        t = t.down;
                    q = q.down;
                    r = q.right;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

private V doGet(Object key) {
        if (key == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        Comparator<? super K> cmp = comparator;
        outer: for (;;) {
            for (Node<K,V> b = findPredecessor(key, cmp), n = b.next;;) {
                Object v; int c;
                if (n == null)
                    break outer;
                Node<K,V> f = n.next;
                if (n != b.next)                // inconsistent read
                    break;
                if ((v = n.value) == null) {    // n is deleted
                    n.helpDelete(b, f);
                    break;
                }
                if (b.value == null || v == n)  // b is deleted
                    break;
                if ((c = cpr(cmp, key, n.key)) == 0) {
                    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") V vv = (V)v;
                    return vv;
                }
                if (c < 0)
                    break outer;
                b = n;
                n = f;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

删除的源码：

final V doRemove(Object key, Object value) {
        if (key == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        Comparator<? super K> cmp = comparator;
        outer: for (;;) {
            for (Node<K,V> b = findPredecessor(key, cmp), n = b.next;;) {
                Object v; int c;
                if (n == null)
                    break outer;
                Node<K,V> f = n.next;
                if (n != b.next)                    // inconsistent read
                    break;
                if ((v = n.value) == null) {        // n is deleted
                    n.helpDelete(b, f);
                    break;
                }
                if (b.value == null || v == n)      // b is deleted
                    break;
                if ((c = cpr(cmp, key, n.key)) < 0)
                    break outer;
                if (c > 0) {
                    b = n;
                    n = f;
                    continue;
                }
                if (value != null && !value.equals(v))
                    break outer;
                if (!n.casValue(v, null))
                    break;
                if (!n.appendMarker(f) || !b.casNext(n, f))
                    findNode(key);                  // retry via findNode
                else {
                    findPredecessor(key, cmp);      // clean index
                    if (head.right == null)
                        tryReduceLevel();
                }
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") V vv = (V)v;
                return vv;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }