Java复数计算

复数在数学、科学或者工程领域是很常用的，可以通过调用Apache Commons Math库来完成，也可以自己手撸。

一、使用Apache Commons Math库

这个库有多个版本，在写这篇文章时，它的最新版是2022年12月19日的4.0-beta1，构建坐标是org.apache.commons:commons-math4-core:4.0-beta1，考虑到程序稳定性，我们可以使用目前开发者用得最多的版本3.6.1（2016年3月17日发布），Maven依赖如下：

<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.apache.commons/commons-math3 -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
    <artifactId>commons-math3</artifactId>
    <version>3.6.1</version>
</dependency>

示例代码如下：

import org.apache.commons.math3.complex.Complex;
public class ACMComplexDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Complex c = new Complex(3, 5);
        Complex d = new Complex(2, -2);
        System.out.println(c);
        System.out.println("c = " + c.getReal() + " + " + c.getImaginary() + "i");
        System.out.println(c + " * " + d + " = " + c.multiply(d));
        System.out.println(c + " / " + d + " = " + c.divide(d));
    }
}

二、自己开发一个复数类

public class SimpleComplex {
    private double real;
    private double imaginary;

    // 无参构造
    public SimpleComplex() {
        this(0.0, 0.0);
    }

    // 双参构造，用于表示虚数
    public SimpleComplex(double real, double imaginary) {
        this.real = real;
        this.imaginary = imaginary;
    }

    // 单参构造，适用于实数范围
    public SimpleComplex(double real) {
        this(real, 0.0);
    }

    // 加法
    public SimpleComplex add(SimpleComplex other) {
        double real = this.real + other.real;
        double imaginary = this.real + other.imaginary;
        return new SimpleComplex(real, imaginary);
    }

    // 减法
    public SimpleComplex sub(SimpleComplex other) {
        return this.add(opposite(other));
    }

    // 乘法
    public SimpleComplex mul(SimpleComplex other) {
        double real = this.real * other.real - this.imaginary * other.imaginary;
        double imaginary = this.real * other.imaginary + this.imaginary * other.real;
        return new SimpleComplex(real, imaginary);
    }

    // 除法
    public SimpleComplex div(SimpleComplex other) {
        double real = (this.real * other.real + this.imaginary * other.imaginary)
                / (other.real * other.real + other.imaginary * other.imaginary);
        double imaginary = (this.imaginary * other.real - this.real * other.imaginary)
                / (other.real * other.real + other.imaginary * other.imaginary);
        return new SimpleComplex(real, imaginary);
    }

    // 获取实部
    public double getReal() {
        return real;
    }

    // 获取虚部
    public double getImaginary() {
        return imaginary;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        if (this.real == 0.0) {
            return this.imaginary + "i";
        } else if (this.imaginary == 0.0) {
            return this.real + "";
        } else if (this.imaginary < 0.0 && this.real != 0.0) {
            return this.real + "" + this.imaginary + "i";
        } else if (this.imaginary == 0.0 && this.real == 0.0) {
            return "0.0";
        }
        return this.real + "+" + this.imaginary + "i";
    }

    // 判断两个复数是否相等
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (obj == this) {
            return true;
        } else if (obj == null || !(obj instanceof SimpleComplex)) {
            return false;
        }
        SimpleComplex tmp = (SimpleComplex) obj;
        return Math.abs(this.real - tmp.real) < 1e-6
                && Math.abs(this.imaginary - tmp.imaginary) < 1e-6;
    }

    // 返回相反数
    private static SimpleComplex opposite(SimpleComplex one) {
        return new SimpleComplex(-one.real, -one.imaginary);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 示例用法
        SimpleComplex c1 = new SimpleComplex(3, 5); // 3 + 5i
        SimpleComplex c2 = new SimpleComplex(2, -2); // 2 - 2i

        System.out.println("c1 + c2 = " + c1.add(c2));
        System.out.println("c1 - c2 = " + c1.sub(c2));
        System.out.println("c1 * c2 = " + c1.mul(c2));
        System.out.println("c1 / c2 = " + c1.div(c2));
    }
}

显然，自己开发一个并不如Apache Commons Math做得好了，毕竟Apache的库提供了大量的运算方法，且逻辑严谨，是应用开发的首选。但执行一些简单的运算，譬如复数除法，在一定量的基础上，简单实现有一点点的性能优势。