spark中获取列columns的几种方式

spark中获取列的几种方式：

df("columnName")            // On a specific DataFrame.
col("columnName")           // A generic column no yet associated with a DataFrame.
col("columnName.field")     // Extracting a struct field
col("`a.column.with.dots`") // Escape `.` in column names.
$"columnName"               // Scala short hand for a named column.
expr("a + 1")               // A column that is constructed from a parsed SQL Expression.
lit("abc")                  // A column that produces a literal (constant) value.