四:轻松学设计模式:创建型、结构型、行为型概览

在软件开发的世界中,有一个众所周知的词汇——设计模式。设计模式是一种解决特定问题的优雅方案,代码让人看起来就有种自然的感觉。现在,我们就来轻松、幽默地了解一下这些神秘的设计模式吧!

创建型(Creational):生孩子还是领养?这里有五种方法!

1、单例模式(Singleton):只要一个宝贝!

想象一下,你的家里只能有一台电视机。这台电视机就像单例模式中的唯一实例。Java代码示例:

public class Television {
    private static Television instance;

    private Television() {
    }

    public static Television getInstance() {
        if (instance == null) {
            instance = new Television();
        }
        return instance;
    }
}

2、工厂方法模式(Factory Method):专业的孩子制造工厂!

每个孩子都是独一无二的,工厂方法模式就像一个专业的孩子制造工厂,可以根据需求生产出不同类型的孩子。Java代码示例:

public interface Child {
    void play();
}

public class NaughtyChild implements Child {
    public void play() {
        System.out.println("I'm a naughty child!");
    }
}

public class QuietChild implements Child {
    public void play() {
        System.out.println("I'm a quiet child.");
    }
}

public abstract class ChildFactory {
    public abstract Child createChild();
}

3、抽象工厂模式(Abstract Factory):万能孩子制造厂!

抽象工厂模式就像一个万能孩子制造厂,不仅可以生产孩子,还能生产他们的玩具、衣服等。Java代码示例:

public interface Toy {
    void playWith();
}

public class CarToy implements Toy {
    public void playWith() {
        System.out.println("Vroom, vroom!");
    }
}

public class DollToy implements Toy {
    public void playWith() {
        System.out.println("Let's have a tea party!");
    }
}

public abstract class AbstractChildFactory {
    public abstract Child createChild();
    public abstract Toy createToy();
}

4、建造者模式(Builder):DIY你的孩子!

建造者模式就像用积木搭建玩具,你可以自由搭配各种属性,组成不同的孩子。Java代码示例:

public class ChildBuilder {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private String hobby;

    public ChildBuilder setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
        return this;
    }

    public ChildBuilder setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
        return this;
    }

    public ChildBuilder setHobby(String hobby) {
        this.hobby = hobby;
        return this;
    }

    public Child build() {
        return new Child(name, age, hobby);
    }
}

5、原型模式(Prototype):克隆孩子,简单快捷!

想要快速复制一个孩子?原型模式就像克隆技术,让你轻松复制孩子。Java代码示例:

public class Child implements Cloneable {
    private String name;

    public Child(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        return super.clone();
    }
}

结构型(Structural):孩子们的组织秘籍!

1、适配器模式(Adapter):兼容新老玩具!

适配器模式就像一个万能插头,让新旧玩具可以共用。Java代码示例:

public interface OldToy {
    void oldPlay();
}

public interface NewToy {
    void newPlay();
}

public class ToyAdapter implements NewToy {
    private OldToy oldToy;

    public ToyAdapter(OldToy oldToy) {
        this.oldToy = oldToy;
    }

    public void newPlay() {
        oldToy.oldPlay();
    }
}

2、桥接模式(Bridge):孩子与玩具的多样组合!

桥接模式就像拼图游戏,孩子和玩具可以任意组合。Java代码示例:

public interface Child {
    void play(Toy toy);
}

public interface Toy {
    void playWith();
}

public class Boy implements Child {
    public void play(Toy toy) {
        System.out.println("I'm a boy, and I'm playing with:");
        toy.playWith();
    }
}

public class Girl implements Child {
    public void play(Toy toy) {
        System.out.println("I'm a girl, and I'm playing with:");
        toy.playWith();
    }
}

3、组合模式(Composite):组织孩子们的团队!

组合模式就像树形结构,可以轻松地组织孩子们的团队。Java代码示例:

public abstract class ChildComponent {
    public void add(ChildComponent component) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    public void remove(ChildComponent component) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    public ChildComponent getChild(int index) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    public void play() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
}

public class ChildGroup extends ChildComponent {
    private List<ChildComponent> components = new ArrayList<>();

    @Override
    public void add(ChildComponent component) {
        components.add(component);
    }

    @Override
    public void remove(ChildComponent component) {
        components.remove(component);
    }

    @Override
    public ChildComponent getChild(int index) {
        return components.get(index);
    }

    @Override
    public void play() {
        for (ChildComponent component : components) {
            component.play();
        }
    }
}

行为型(Behavioral):孩子们的行为规范!

1、观察者模式(Observer):妈妈总是知道!

观察者模式就像是妈妈总是知道孩子们在做什么。当孩子们的行为发生变化时,妈妈会立即得知。Java代码示例:

public interface Observer {
    void update(String message);
}

public interface Subject {
    void registerObserver(Observer observer);
    void removeObserver(Observer observer);
    void notifyObservers();
}

public class Child implements Subject {
    private List<Observer> observers;
    private String activity;

    public Child() {
        observers = new ArrayList<>();
    }

    public void setActivity(String activity) {
        this.activity = activity;
        notifyObservers();
    }

    @Override
    public void registerObserver(Observer observer) {
        observers.add(observer);
    }

    @Override
    public void removeObserver(Observer observer) {
        observers.remove(observer);
    }

    @Override
    public void notifyObservers() {
        for (Observer observer : observers) {
            observer.update(activity);
        }
    }
}

public class Mom implements Observer {
    @Override
    public void update(String message) {
        System.out.println("Mom knows that the child is: " + message);
    }
}

2、策略模式(Strategy):适应不同的环境!

策略模式就像孩子们会根据不同的环境选择不同的玩法。Java代码示例:

public interface PlayStrategy {
    void play();
}

public class IndoorPlayStrategy implements PlayStrategy {
    public void play() {
        System.out.println("Playing indoors!");
    }
}

public class OutdoorPlayStrategy implements PlayStrategy {
    public void play() {
        System.out.println("Playing outdoors!");
    }
}

public class Child {
    private PlayStrategy playStrategy;

    public void setPlayStrategy(PlayStrategy playStrategy) {
        this.playStrategy = playStrategy;
    }

    public void play() {
        playStrategy.play();
    }
}

3、责任链模式(Chain of Responsibility):家庭责任制!

责任链模式就像家庭责任制,孩子们可以按照家庭规矩来处理问题。Java代码示例:

public abstract class Handler {
    protected Handler nextHandler;

    public void setNextHandler(Handler nextHandler) {
        this.nextHandler = nextHandler;
    }

    public abstract void handleRequest(String request);
}

public class Father extends Handler {
    @Override
    public void handleRequest(String request) {
        if ("homework".equals(request)) {
            System.out.println("Father: I'll help with the homework.");
        } else if (nextHandler != null) {
            nextHandler.handleRequest(request);
        }
    }
}

public class Mother extends Handler {
    @Override
    public void handleRequest(String request) {
        if ("housework".equals(request)) {
            System.out.println("Mother: I'll help with the housework.");
        } else if (nextHandler != null) {
            nextHandler.handleRequest(request);
        }
    }
}

以上就是创建型、结构型、行为型设计模式的概览,希望通过这些生动、幽默的例子能让你对设计模式有更深入的了解。设计模式的运用能让你的代码更加优雅、易读,让软件开发变得更加轻松愉快!

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