我们首先先通过一个老生常谈的例子,学生成绩表(下面简化了些)来形象了解下行转列
CREATE TABLE [StudentScores]
(
[UserName] NVARCHAR(20), --学生姓名
[Subject] NVARCHAR(30), --科目
[Score] FLOAT, --成绩
)
INSERT INTO [StudentScores] SELECT 'Nick', '语文', 80
INSERT INTO [StudentScores] SELECT 'Nick', '数学', 90
INSERT INTO [StudentScores] SELECT 'Nick', '英语', 70
INSERT INTO [StudentScores] SELECT 'Nick', '生物', 85
INSERT INTO [StudentScores] SELECT 'Kent', '语文', 80
INSERT INTO [StudentScores] SELECT 'Kent', '数学', 90
INSERT INTO [StudentScores] SELECT 'Kent', '英语', 70
INSERT INTO [StudentScores] SELECT 'Kent', '生物', 85
如果我想知道每位学生的每科成绩,而且每个学生的全部成绩排成一行,这样方便我查看、统计,导出数据
SELECT
UserName,
MAX(CASE Subject WHEN '语文' THEN Score ELSE 0 END) AS '语文',
MAX(CASE Subject WHEN '数学' THEN Score ELSE 0 END) AS '数学',
MAX(CASE Subject WHEN '英语' THEN Score ELSE 0 END) AS '英语',
MAX(CASE Subject WHEN '生物' THEN Score ELSE 0 END) AS '生物'
FROM dbo.[StudentScores]
GROUP BY UserName
查询结果如图所示,这样我们就能很清楚的了解每位学生所有的成绩了
接下来我们来看看第二个小列子。有一个游戏玩家充值表(仅仅为了说明,举的一个小例子),
CREATE TABLE [Inpours]
(
[ID] INT IDENTITY(1,1),
[UserName] NVARCHAR(20), --游戏玩家
[CreateTime] DATETIME, --充值时间
[PayType] NVARCHAR(20), --充值类型
[Money] DECIMAL, --充值金额
[IsSuccess] BIT, --是否成功 1表示成功, 0表示失败
CONSTRAINT [PK_Inpours_ID] PRIMARY KEY(ID)
)
INSERT INTO Inpours SELECT '张三', '2010-05-01', '支付宝', 50, 1
INSERT INTO Inpours SELECT '张三', '2010-06-14', '支付宝', 50, 1
INSERT INTO Inpours SELECT '张三', '2010-06-14', '手机短信', 100, 1
INSERT INTO Inpours SELECT '李四', '2010-06-14', '手机短信', 100, 1
INSERT INTO Inpours SELECT '李四', '2010-07-14', '支付宝', 100, 1
INSERT INTO Inpours SELECT '王五', '2010-07-14', '工商银行卡', 100, 1
INSERT INTO Inpours SELECT '赵六', '2010-07-14', '建设银行卡', 100, 1
CASE PayType WHEN ’ 支付宝 ’ THEN SUM ( Money ) ELSE 0 END AS ’ 支付宝 ’ ,
CASE PayType WHEN ’ 手机短信 ’ THEN SUM ( Money ) ELSE 0 END AS ’ 手机短信 ’ ,
CASE PayType WHEN ’ 工商银行卡 ’ THEN SUM ( Money ) ELSE 0 END AS ’ 工商银行卡 ’ ,
CASE PayType WHEN ’ 建设银行卡 ’ THEN SUM ( Money ) ELSE 0 END AS ’ 建设银行卡 ’
FROM Inpours
GROUP BY CreateTime, PayType
如图所示,我们这样只是得到了这样的输出结果,还需进一步处理,才能得到想要的结果
SELECT
CreateTime,
ISNULL(SUM([支付宝]) , 0) AS [支付宝] ,
ISNULL(SUM([手机短信]) , 0) AS [手机短信] ,
ISNULL(SUM([工商银行卡]), 0) AS [工商银行卡] ,
ISNULL(SUM([建设银行卡]), 0) AS [建设银行卡]
FROM
(
SELECT CONVERT(VARCHAR(10), CreateTime, 120) AS CreateTime,
CASE PayType WHEN '支付宝' THEN SUM(Money) ELSE 0 END AS '支付宝' ,
CASE PayType WHEN '手机短信' THEN SUM(Money) ELSE 0 END AS '手机短信',
CASE PayType WHEN '工商银行卡' THEN SUM(Money) ELSE 0 END AS '工商银行卡',
CASE PayType WHEN '建设银行卡' THEN SUM(Money) ELSE 0 END AS '建设银行卡'
FROM Inpours
GROUP BY CreateTime, PayType
) T
GROUP BY CreateTime
其实行转列,关键是要理清逻辑,而且对分组(Group by)概念比较清晰。上面两个列子基本上就是行转列的类型了。但是有个问题来了,上面是我为了说明弄的一个简单列子。实际中,可能支付方式特别多,而且逻辑也复杂很多,可能涉及汇率、手续费等等(曾经做个这样一个),如果支付方式特别多,我们的CASE WHEN 会弄出一大堆,确实比较恼火,而且新增一种支付方式,我们还得修改脚本如果把上面的脚本用动态SQL改写一下,我们就能轻松解决这个问题
DECLARE @tmpSql VARCHAR ( 8000 );
SET @cmdText = ’ SELECT CONVERT(VARCHAR(10), CreateTime, 120) AS CreateTime, ’ + CHAR ( 10 );
SELECT @cmdText = @cmdText + ’ CASE PayType WHEN ”’ + PayType + ”’ THEN SUM(Money) ELSE 0 END AS ”’ + PayType
+ ”’ , ’ + CHAR ( 10 ) FROM ( SELECT DISTINCT PayType FROM Inpours ) T
SET @cmdText = LEFT ( @cmdText , LEN ( @cmdText ) - 2 ) – 注意这里,如果没有加CHAR(10) 则用LEFT(@cmdText, LEN(@cmdText) -1)
SET @cmdText = @cmdText + ’ FROM Inpours GROUP BY CreateTime, PayType ’ ;
SET @tmpSql = ’ SELECT CreateTime, ’ + CHAR ( 10 );
SELECT @tmpSql = @tmpSql + ’ ISNULL(SUM( ’ + PayType + ’ ), 0) AS ”’ + PayType + ”’ , ’ + CHAR ( 10 )
FROM ( SELECT DISTINCT PayType FROM Inpours ) T
SET @tmpSql = LEFT ( @tmpSql , LEN ( @tmpSql ) - 2 ) + ’ FROM ( ’ + CHAR ( 10 );
SET @cmdText = @tmpSql + @cmdText + ’ ) T GROUP BY CreateTime ’ ;
PRINT @cmdText
EXECUTE ( @cmdText );
</div>
下面是通过PIVOT来进行行转列的用法,大家可以对比一下,确实要简单、更具可读性(呵呵,习惯的前提下)
CreateTime, [ 支付宝 ] , [ 手机短信 ] ,
[ 工商银行卡 ] , [ 建设银行卡 ]
FROM
(
SELECT CONVERT ( VARCHAR ( 10 ), CreateTime, 120 ) AS CreateTime,PayType, Money
FROM Inpours
) P
PIVOT (
SUM ( Money )
FOR PayType IN
( [ 支付宝 ] , [ 手机短信 ] , [ 工商银行卡 ] , [ 建设银行卡 ] )
) AS T
ORDER BY CreateTime
</div>
有时可能会出现这样的错误:
消息 325,级别 15,状态 1,第 9 行
’PIVOT’ 附近有语法错误。您可能需要将当前数据库的兼容级别设置为更高的值,以启用此功能。有关存储过程 sp_dbcmptlevel 的信息,请参见帮助。
这个是因为:对升级到 SQL Server 2005 或更高版本的数据库使用 PIVOT 和 UNPIVOT 时,必须将数据库的兼容级别设置为 90 或更高。有关如何设置数据库兼容级别的信息,请参阅 sp_dbcmptlevel (Transact-SQL)。 例如,只需在执行上面脚本前加上 EXEC sp_dbcmptlevel Test, 90; 就OK了, Test 是所在数据库的名称。
下面我们来看看列转行,主要是通过UNION ALL ,MAX来实现。假如有下面这么一个表
(
ProgrectName NVARCHAR ( 20 ), – 工程名称
OverseaSupply INT , – 海外供应商供给数量
NativeSupply INT , – 国内供应商供给数量
SouthSupply INT , – 南方供应商供给数量
NorthSupply INT – 北方供应商供给数量
)
INSERT INTO ProgrectDetail
SELECT ’ A ’ , 100 , 200 , 50 , 50
UNION ALL
SELECT ’ B ’ , 200 , 300 , 150 , 150
UNION ALL
SELECT ’ C ’ , 159 , 400 , 20 , 320
UNION ALL
SELECT ’ D ’ , 250 , 30 , 15 , 15
</div>
我们可以通过下面的脚本来实现,查询结果如下图所示
MAX (OverseaSupply) AS ’ SupplyNum ’
FROM ProgrectDetail
GROUP BY ProgrectName
UNION ALL
SELECT ProgrectName, ’ NativeSupply ’ AS Supplier,
MAX (NativeSupply) AS ’ SupplyNum ’
FROM ProgrectDetail
GROUP BY ProgrectName
UNION ALL
SELECT ProgrectName, ’ SouthSupply ’ AS Supplier,
MAX (SouthSupply) AS ’ SupplyNum ’
FROM ProgrectDetail
GROUP BY ProgrectName
UNION ALL
SELECT ProgrectName, ’ NorthSupply ’ AS Supplier,
MAX (NorthSupply) AS ’ SupplyNum ’
FROM ProgrectDetail
GROUP BY ProgrectName
</div>
用UNPIVOT 实现如下:
FROM
(
SELECT ProgrectName, OverseaSupply, NativeSupply,
SouthSupply, NorthSupply
FROM ProgrectDetail
)T
UNPIVOT
(
SupplyNum FOR Supplier IN
(OverseaSupply, NativeSupply, SouthSupply, NorthSupply )
) P
</div>