上一节中的proc实现对于开关文件，控制文件，以及显示很少信息的文件来说还是比较简单的，但是对于需要输出大量信息像meminfo，或者结构化的信息像cpuinfo等时就会显得很笨拙，并且代码也很不好理解与维护。内核为了简化这种proc文件的实现提供了另外一种方案----seq_file接口。
set_file 接口假定你在创建一个虚拟文件, 它涉及一系列的必须返回给用户空间的项. 为使用 seq_file, 你必须创建一个简单的 "iterator" 对象, 它能在序列里建立一个位置(start), 向前进(next), 并且输出序列里的一个项(show). 它可能听起来复杂,但实际上过程非常简单.
seq_file接口即可以实现以前的非结构化的信息显示，也可以实现结构化的信息显示，并且两种实现的代码都比较简单清晰。使用seq_file接口需要包含头文件<linux/seq_file.h>。
seq_file的使用比较规范，与其他文件操作步骤比较一致，所以看起来也比较容易，我们可以通过分析内核中对meminfo和cpuinfo来学习非结构化与结构化信息显示的实现步骤。
1，结构化信息显示方式
第一步：在模块初始化时调用proc_create来创建相应proc文件
static int __init proc_cpuinfo_init(void)
{
proc_create("cpuinfo", 0, NULL, &proc_cpuinfo_operations);
return 0;
}第二步：在模块卸载时调用remove_proc_entry函数删除相应的proc文件，当然因为cpuinfo的实现在内核代码中，不涉及到卸载，所以cpuinfo没有删除相应proc文件的操作，但是我们自己编写的内核模块涉及此场景，所以需要实现此步骤。
第三步：定义file_operations结构体（第一步中创建时会使用）
static const struct file_operations proc_cpuinfo_operations = {
.open = cpuinfo_open,
.read = seq_read,
.llseek = seq_lseek,
.release = seq_release,
};第四步，实现file_operations的open函数，在open函数中建议proc文件与seq_file机制的四个迭代器的联系。而read、llseek、release等都是seq_file实现好的框架，不需要另外实现。
extern const struct seq_operations cpuinfo_op;
static int cpuinfo_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
return seq_open(file, &cpuinfo_op);
}第五步，定义seq_operations结构体
const struct seq_operations cpuinfo_op = {
.start = c_start,
.next = c_next,
.stop = c_stop,
.show = show_cpuinfo,
};
第六步，实现迭代器（start/next/stop/show），按自己需要来实现，这里只是cpuinfo的实现
start迭代器：
static void *c_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *pos)
{
*pos = cpumask_next(*pos - 1, cpu_online_mask);
if ((*pos) < nr_cpu_ids)
return &cpu_data(*pos);
return NULL;
}
static void *c_next(struct seq_file *m, void *v, loff_t *pos)
{
(*pos)++;
return c_start(m, pos);
}stop迭代器，一般实现为空
static void c_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
{
}show迭代器，最主要的信息显示
static int show_cpuinfo(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
{
struct cpuinfo_x86 *c = v;
unsigned int cpu;
int i;
cpu = c->cpu_index;
seq_printf(m, "processor\t: %u\n"
"vendor_id\t: %s\n"
"cpu family\t: %d\n"
"model\t\t: %u\n"
"model name\t: %s\n",
cpu,
c->x86_vendor_id[0] ? c->x86_vendor_id : "unknown",
c->x86,
c->x86_model,
c->x86_model_id[0] ? c->x86_model_id : "unknown");
if (c->x86_mask || c->cpuid_level >= 0)
seq_printf(m, "stepping\t: %d\n", c->x86_mask);
else
seq_printf(m, "stepping\t: unknown\n");
if (c->microcode)
seq_printf(m, "microcode\t: 0x%x\n", c->microcode);
if (cpu_has(c, X86_FEATURE_TSC)) {
unsigned int freq = cpufreq_quick_get(cpu);
if (!freq)
freq = cpu_khz;
seq_printf(m, "cpu MHz\t\t: %u.%03u\n",
freq / 1000, (freq % 1000));
}
/* Cache size */
if (c->x86_cache_size >= 0)
seq_printf(m, "cache size\t: %d KB\n", c->x86_cache_size);
show_cpuinfo_core(m, c, cpu);
show_cpuinfo_misc(m, c);
seq_printf(m, "flags\t\t:");
for (i = 0; i < 32*NCAPINTS; i++)
if (cpu_has(c, i) && x86_cap_flags[i] != NULL)
seq_printf(m, " %s", x86_cap_flags[i]);
seq_printf(m, "\nbogomips\t: %lu.%02lu\n",
c->loops_per_jiffy/(500000/HZ),
(c->loops_per_jiffy/(5000/HZ)) % 100);
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
if (c->x86_tlbsize > 0)
seq_printf(m, "TLB size\t: %d 4K pages\n", c->x86_tlbsize);
#endif
seq_printf(m, "clflush size\t: %u\n", c->x86_clflush_size);
seq_printf(m, "cache_alignment\t: %d\n", c->x86_cache_alignment);
seq_printf(m, "address sizes\t: %u bits physical, %u bits virtual\n",
c->x86_phys_bits, c->x86_virt_bits);
seq_printf(m, "power management:");
for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
if (c->x86_power & (1 << i)) {
if (i < ARRAY_SIZE(x86_power_flags) &&
x86_power_flags[i])
seq_printf(m, "%s%s",
x86_power_flags[i][0] ? " " : "",
x86_power_flags[i]);
else
seq_printf(m, " [%d]", i);
}
}
seq_printf(m, "\n\n");
return 0;
}2，非结构化信息显示方式
第一步：在模块初始化时调用proc_create来创建相应proc文件
static int __init proc_meminfo_init(void)
{
proc_create("meminfo", 0, NULL, &meminfo_proc_fops);
return 0;
}第二步：在模块卸载时调用remove_proc_entry函数删除相应的proc文件，当然因为meminfo的实现在内核代码中，不涉及到卸载，所以meminfo没有删除相应proc文件的操作，但是我们自己编写的内核模块涉及此场景，所以需要实现此步骤。
第三步：定义file_operations结构体（第一步中创建时会使用）
static const struct file_operations meminfo_proc_fops = {
.open = meminfo_proc_open,
.read = seq_read,
.llseek = seq_lseek,
.release = single_release,
};
第四步，实现file_operations的open函数，因为meminfo是非结构化信息显示，所以我们不需要实现start/next/stop等迭代器，只需要实现show来显示信息即可，所以不需要像cpuinfo一样需要定义一个seq_operations结构体并且调用seq_open来建立proc文件与seq_file迭代器之间的联系。seq_file接口对于非结构化的信息显示情况提供了一个single_open接口，所以在open中调用single_open。
static int meminfo_proc_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
return single_open(file, meminfo_proc_show, NULL);
}第五步，只需要实现show迭代器meminfo_proc_show即可
static int meminfo_proc_show(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
{
struct sysinfo i;
unsigned long committed;
unsigned long allowed;
struct vmalloc_info vmi;
long cached;
unsigned long pages[NR_LRU_LISTS];
int lru;
/*
* display in kilobytes.
*/
#define K(x) ((x) << (PAGE_SHIFT - 10))
si_meminfo(&i);
si_swapinfo(&i);
committed = percpu_counter_read_positive(&vm_committed_as);
allowed = ((totalram_pages - hugetlb_total_pages())
* sysctl_overcommit_ratio / 100) + total_swap_pages;
cached = global_page_state(NR_FILE_PAGES) -
total_swapcache_pages - i.bufferram;
if (cached < 0)
cached = 0;
get_vmalloc_info(&vmi);
for (lru = LRU_BASE; lru < NR_LRU_LISTS; lru++)
pages[lru] = global_page_state(NR_LRU_BASE + lru);
/*
* Tagged format, for easy grepping and expansion.
*/
seq_printf(m,
"MemTotal: %8lu kB\n"
"MemFree: %8lu kB\n"
"Buffers: %8lu kB\n"
"Cached: %8lu kB\n"
"SwapCached: %8lu kB\n"
"Active: %8lu kB\n"
"Inactive: %8lu kB\n"
"Active(anon): %8lu kB\n"
"Inactive(anon): %8lu kB\n"
"Active(file): %8lu kB\n"
"Inactive(file): %8lu kB\n"
"Unevictable: %8lu kB\n"
"Mlocked: %8lu kB\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
"HighTotal: %8lu kB\n"
"HighFree: %8lu kB\n"
"LowTotal: %8lu kB\n"
"LowFree: %8lu kB\n"
#endif
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
"MmapCopy: %8lu kB\n"
#endif
"SwapTotal: %8lu kB\n"
"SwapFree: %8lu kB\n"
"Dirty: %8lu kB\n"
"Writeback: %8lu kB\n"
"AnonPages: %8lu kB\n"
"Mapped: %8lu kB\n"
"Shmem: %8lu kB\n"
"Slab: %8lu kB\n"
"SReclaimable: %8lu kB\n"
"SUnreclaim: %8lu kB\n"
"KernelStack: %8lu kB\n"
"PageTables: %8lu kB\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_QUICKLIST
"Quicklists: %8lu kB\n"
#endif
"NFS_Unstable: %8lu kB\n"
"Bounce: %8lu kB\n"
"WritebackTmp: %8lu kB\n"
"CommitLimit: %8lu kB\n"
"Committed_AS: %8lu kB\n"
"VmallocTotal: %8lu kB\n"
"VmallocUsed: %8lu kB\n"
"VmallocChunk: %8lu kB\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE
"HardwareCorrupted: %5lu kB\n"
#endif
,
K(i.totalram),
K(i.freeram),
K(i.bufferram),
K(cached),
K(total_swapcache_pages),
K(pages[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON] + pages[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE]),
K(pages[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] + pages[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE]),
K(pages[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON]),
K(pages[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON]),
K(pages[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE]),
K(pages[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE]),
K(pages[LRU_UNEVICTABLE]),
K(global_page_state(NR_MLOCK)),
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
K(i.totalhigh),
K(i.freehigh),
K(i.totalram-i.totalhigh),
K(i.freeram-i.freehigh),
#endif
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
K((unsigned long) atomic_long_read(&mmap_pages_allocated)),
#endif
K(i.totalswap),
K(i.freeswap),
K(global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY)),
K(global_page_state(NR_WRITEBACK)),
K(global_page_state(NR_ANON_PAGES)),
K(global_page_state(NR_FILE_MAPPED)),
K(global_page_state(NR_SHMEM)),
K(global_page_state(NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE) +
global_page_state(NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE)),
K(global_page_state(NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE)),
K(global_page_state(NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE)),
global_page_state(NR_KERNEL_STACK) * THREAD_SIZE / 1024,
K(global_page_state(NR_PAGETABLE)),
#ifdef CONFIG_QUICKLIST
K(quicklist_total_size()),
#endif
K(global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS)),
K(global_page_state(NR_BOUNCE)),
K(global_page_state(NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP)),
K(allowed),
K(committed),
(unsigned long)VMALLOC_TOTAL >> 10,
vmi.used >> 10,
vmi.largest_chunk >> 10
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE
,atomic_long_read(&mce_bad_pages) << (PAGE_SHIFT - 10)
#endif
);
hugetlb_report_meminfo(m);
arch_report_meminfo(m);
return 0;
#undef K
}
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