Linux C | mmap使用实例
mmap使用实例
/*******************************************************************
* > File Name: mmap.c
* > Create Time: 2021年09月28日 星期二 19时30分22秒
******************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
int fd;
void *start;
struct stat sb;
fd = open("test.txt", O_RDONLY); // 打开文件test.txt
fstat(fd, &sb); // 获取文件状态
start = mmap(NULL, sb.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0); // 建立内存映射
if(start == MAP_FAILED){
return (-1);
}
printf("%s\n", (char*)start); // 输出内存内容
munmap(start, sb.st_size); // 解除内存映射
close(fd); // 关闭文件
return 0;
}
编译、运行：
lanfeiy@msil-virtual-machine:~/workSpace/test/mmap$ gcc mmap.c -o bin.exe
lanfeiy@msil-virtual-machine:~/workSpace/test/mmap$ ./bin.exe
This is a test.
源码目录
lanfeiy@msil-virtual-machine:~/workSpace/test/mmap$ tree
.
├── bin.exe
├── mmap.c
└── test.txt
0 directories, 3 files
lanfeiy@msil-virtual-machine:~/workSpace/test/mmap$ cat test.txt
This is a test.
man mmap详细
MMAP(2) Linux Programmer's Manual MMAP(2)
NAME
mmap, munmap - map or unmap files or devices into memory # 建立或者解除内存映射
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/mman.h>
void *mmap(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags,
int fd, off_t offset);
int munmap(void *addr, size_t length);
See NOTES for information on feature test macro requirements.
DESCRIPTION
mmap() creates a new mapping in the virtual address space of the calling process. The starting
address for the new mapping is specified in addr. The length argument specifies the length of the
mapping.
If addr is NULL, then the kernel chooses the address at which to create the mapping; this is the
most portable method of creating a new mapping. If addr is not NULL, then the kernel takes it as a
hint about where to place the mapping; on Linux, the mapping will be created at a nearby page bound‐
ary. The address of the new mapping is returned as the result of the call.
The contents of a file mapping (as opposed to an anonymous mapping; see MAP_ANONYMOUS below), are
initialized using length bytes starting at offset offset in the file (or other object) referred to
by the file descriptor fd. offset must be a multiple of the page size as returned by
sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE).
The prot argument describes the desired memory protection of the mapping (and must not conflict with
the open mode of the file). It is either PROT_NONE or the bitwise OR of one or more of the follow‐
ing flags:
PROT_EXEC Pages may be executed. # 映射区域可被执行
PROT_READ Pages may be read. # 映射区域可读
PROT_WRITE Pages may be written. # 映射区域可被写入
PROT_NONE Pages may not be accessed. # 映射区域不可存取
The flags argument determines whether updates to the mapping are visible to other processes mapping
the same region, and whether updates are carried through to the underlying file. This behavior is
determined by including exactly one of the following values in flags:
MAP_SHARED
Share this mapping. Updates to the mapping are visible to other processes that map this
file, and are carried through to the underlying file. (To precisely control when updates are
carried through to the underlying file requires the use of msync(2).)
MAP_PRIVATE
Create a private copy-on-write mapping. Updates to the mapping are not visible to other pro‐
cesses mapping the same file, and are not carried through to the underlying file. It is
unspecified whether changes made to the file after the mmap() call are visible in the mapped
region.
Both of these flags are described in POSIX.1-2001 and POSIX.1-2008.
In addition, zero or more of the following values can be ORed in flags:
MAP_32BIT (since Linux 2.4.20, 2.6)
Put the mapping into the first 2 Gigabytes of the process address space. This flag is sup‐
ported only on x86-64, for 64-bit programs. It was added to allow thread stacks to be allo‐
cated somewhere in the first 2GB of memory, so as to improve context-switch performance on
some early 64-bit processors. Modern x86-64 processors no longer have this performance prob‐
lem, so use of this flag is not required on those systems. The MAP_32BIT flag is ignored
when MAP_FIXED is set.
MAP_ANON
Synonym for MAP_ANONYMOUS. Deprecated.
MAP_ANONYMOUS
The mapping is not backed by any file; its contents are initialized to zero. The fd and off‐
set arguments are ignored; however, some implementations require fd to be -1 if MAP_ANONYMOUS
(or MAP_ANON) is specified, and portable applications should ensure this. The use of
MAP_ANONYMOUS in conjunction with MAP_SHARED is supported on Linux only since kernel 2.4.
MAP_DENYWRITE
This flag is ignored. (Long ago, it signaled that attempts to write to the underlying file
should fail with ETXTBUSY. But this was a source of denial-of-service attacks.)
MAP_EXECUTABLE
This flag is ignored.
MAP_FILE
Compatibility flag. Ignored.
MAP_FIXED
Don't interpret addr as a hint: place the mapping at exactly that address. addr must be a
multiple of the page size. If the memory region specified by addr and len overlaps pages of
any existing mapping(s), then the overlapped part of the existing mapping(s) will be dis‐
carded. If the specified address cannot be used, mmap() will fail. Because requiring a
fixed address for a mapping is less portable, the use of this option is discouraged.
MAP_GROWSDOWN
Used for stacks. Indicates to the kernel virtual memory system that the mapping should
extend downward in memory.
MAP_HUGETLB (since Linux 2.6.32)
Allocate the mapping using "huge pages." See the Linux kernel source file Documenta‐
tion/vm/hugetlbpage.txt for further information, as well as NOTES, below.
MAP_HUGE_2MB, MAP_HUGE_1GB (since Linux 3.8)
Used in conjunction with MAP_HUGETLB to select alternative hugetlb page sizes (respectively,
2 MB and 1 GB) on systems that support multiple hugetlb page sizes.
More generally, the desired huge page size can be configured by encoding the base-2 logarithm
of the desired page size in the six bits at the offset MAP_HUGE_SHIFT. (A value of zero in
this bit field provides the default huge page size; the default huge page size can be discov‐
ered vie the Hugepagesize field exposed by /proc/meminfo.) Thus, the above two constants are
defined as:
#define MAP_HUGE_2MB (21 << MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)
#define MAP_HUGE_1GB (30 << MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)
The range of huge page sizes that are supported by the system can be discovered by listing
the subdirectories in /sys/kernel/mm/hugepages.
MAP_LOCKED (since Linux 2.5.37)
Mark the mmaped region to be locked in the same way as mlock(2). This implementation will
try to populate (prefault) the whole range but the mmap call doesn't fail with ENOMEM if this
fails. Therefore major faults might happen later on. So the semantic is not as strong as
mlock(2). One should use mmap(2) plus mlock(2) when major faults are not acceptable after
the initialization of the mapping. The MAP_LOCKED flag is ignored in older kernels.
MAP_NONBLOCK (since Linux 2.5.46)
Only meaningful in conjunction with MAP_POPULATE. Don't perform read-ahead: create page
tables entries only for pages that are already present in RAM. Since Linux 2.6.23, this flag
causes MAP_POPULATE to do nothing. One day, the combination of MAP_POPULATE and MAP_NONBLOCK
may be reimplemented.
MAP_NORESERVE
Do not reserve swap space for this mapping. When swap space is reserved, one has the guaran‐
tee that it is possible to modify the mapping. When swap space is not reserved one might get
SIGSEGV upon a write if no physical memory is available. See also the discussion of the file
/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory in proc(5). In kernels before 2.6, this flag had effect only
for private writable mappings.
MAP_POPULATE (since Linux 2.5.46)
Populate (prefault) page tables for a mapping. For a file mapping, this causes read-ahead on
the file. This will help to reduce blocking on page faults later. MAP_POPULATE is supported
for private mappings only since Linux 2.6.23.
MAP_STACK (since Linux 2.6.27)
Allocate the mapping at an address suitable for a process or thread stack. This flag is cur‐
rently a no-op, but is used in the glibc threading implementation so that if some architec‐
tures require special treatment for stack allocations, support can later be transparently
implemented for glibc.
MAP_UNINITIALIZED (since Linux 2.6.33)
Don't clear anonymous pages. This flag is intended to improve performance on embedded
devices. This flag is honored only if the kernel was configured with the CON‐
FIG_MMAP_ALLOW_UNINITIALIZED option. Because of the security implications, that option is
normally enabled only on embedded devices (i.e., devices where one has complete control of
the contents of user memory).
Of the above flags, only MAP_FIXED is specified in POSIX.1-2001 and POSIX.1-2008. However, most
systems also support MAP_ANONYMOUS (or its synonym MAP_ANON).
Some systems document the additional flags MAP_AUTOGROW, MAP_AUTORESRV, MAP_COPY, and MAP_LOCAL.
Memory mapped by mmap() is preserved across fork(2), with the same attributes.
A file is mapped in multiples of the page size. For a file that is not a multiple of the page size,
the remaining memory is zeroed when mapped, and writes to that region are not written out to the
file. The effect of changing the size of the underlying file of a mapping on the pages that corre‐
spond to added or removed regions of the file is unspecified.
munmap()
The munmap() system call deletes the mappings for the specified address range, and causes further
references to addresses within the range to generate invalid memory references. The region is also
automatically unmapped when the process is terminated. On the other hand, closing the file descrip‐
tor does not unmap the region.
The address addr must be a multiple of the page size (but length need not be). All pages containing
a part of the indicated range are unmapped, and subsequent references to these pages will generate
SIGSEGV. It is not an error if the indicated range does not contain any mapped pages.
RETURN VALUE
On success, mmap() returns a pointer to the mapped area. On error, the value MAP_FAILED (that is,
(void *) -1) is returned, and errno is set to indicate the cause of the error.
On success, munmap() returns 0. On failure, it returns -1, and errno is set to indicate the cause
of the error (probably to EINVAL).
ERRORS
EACCES A file descriptor refers to a non-regular file. Or a file mapping was requested, but fd is
not open for reading. Or MAP_SHARED was requested and PROT_WRITE is set, but fd is not open
in read/write (O_RDWR) mode. Or PROT_WRITE is set, but the file is append-only.
EAGAIN The file has been locked, or too much memory has been locked (see setrlimit(2)).
EBADF fd is not a valid file descriptor (and MAP_ANONYMOUS was not set).
EINVAL We don't like addr, length, or offset (e.g., they are too large, or not aligned on a page
boundary).
EINVAL (since Linux 2.6.12) length was 0.
EINVAL flags contained neither MAP_PRIVATE or MAP_SHARED, or contained both of these values.
ENFILE The system-wide limit on the total number of open files has been reached.
ENODEV The underlying filesystem of the specified file does not support memory mapping.
ENOMEM No memory is available.
ENOMEM The process's maximum number of mappings would have been exceeded. This error can also occur
for munmap(2), when unmapping a region in the middle of an existing mapping, since this
results in two smaller mappings on either side of the region being unmapped.
EPERM The prot argument asks for PROT_EXEC but the mapped area belongs to a file on a filesystem
that was mounted no-exec.
EPERM The operation was prevented by a file seal; see fcntl(2).
ETXTBSY
MAP_DENYWRITE was set but the object specified by fd is open for writing.
EOVERFLOW
On 32-bit architecture together with the large file extension (i.e., using 64-bit off_t): the
number of pages used for length plus number of pages used for offset would overflow unsigned
long (32 bits).
Use of a mapped region can result in these signals:
SIGSEGV
Attempted write into a region mapped as read-only.
SIGBUS Attempted access to a portion of the buffer that does not correspond to the file (for exam‐
ple, beyond the end of the file, including the case where another process has truncated the
file).
ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).
┌───────────────────┬───────────────┬─────────┐
│Interface │ Attribute │ Value │
├───────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤
│mmap(), munmap() │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │
└───────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────┘
CONFORMING TO
POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4, 4.4BSD.
AVAILABILITY
On POSIX systems on which mmap(), msync(2), and munmap() are available, _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES is
defined in <unistd.h> to a value greater than 0. (See also sysconf(3).)
NOTES
On some hardware architectures (e.g., i386), PROT_WRITE implies PROT_READ. It is architecture
dependent whether PROT_READ implies PROT_EXEC or not. Portable programs should always set PROT_EXEC
if they intend to execute code in the new mapping.
The portable way to create a mapping is to specify addr as 0 (NULL), and omit MAP_FIXED from flags.
In this case, the system chooses the address for the mapping; the address is chosen so as not to
conflict with any existing mapping, and will not be 0. If the MAP_FIXED flag is specified, and addr
is 0 (NULL), then the mapped address will be 0 (NULL).
Certain flags constants are defined only if either _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE is defined. (Requir‐
ing _GNU_SOURCE also suffices, and requiring that macro specifically would have been more logical,
since these flags are all Linux-specific.) The relevant flags are: MAP_32BIT, MAP_ANONYMOUS (and
the synonym MAP_ANON), MAP_DENYWRITE, MAP_EXECUTABLE, MAP_FILE, MAP_GROWSDOWN, MAP_HUGETLB,
MAP_LOCKED, MAP_NONBLOCK, MAP_NORESERVE, MAP_POPULATE, and MAP_STACK.
Timestamps changes for file-backed mappings
For file-backed mappings, the st_atime field for the mapped file may be updated at any time between
the mmap() and the corresponding unmapping; the first reference to a mapped page will update the
field if it has not been already.
The st_ctime and st_mtime field for a file mapped with PROT_WRITE and MAP_SHARED will be updated
after a write to the mapped region, and before a subsequent msync(2) with the MS_SYNC or MS_ASYNC
flag, if one occurs.
Huge page (Huge TLB) mappings
For mappings that employ huge pages, the requirements for the arguments of mmap() and munmap() dif‐
fer somewhat from the requirements for mappings that use the native system page size.
For mmap(), offset must be a multiple of the underlying huge page size. The system automatically
aligns length to be a multiple of the underlying huge page size.
For munmap(), addr and length must both be a multiple of the underlying huge page size.
C library/kernel differences
This page describes the interface provided by the glibc mmap() wrapper function. Originally, this
function invoked a system call of the same name. Since kernel 2.4, that system call has been super‐
seded by mmap2(2), and nowadays the glibc mmap() wrapper function invokes mmap2(2) with a suitably
adjusted value for offset.
BUGS
On Linux there are no guarantees like those suggested above under MAP_NORESERVE. By default, any
process can be killed at any moment when the system runs out of memory.
In kernels before 2.6.7, the MAP_POPULATE flag has effect only if prot is specified as PROT_NONE.
SUSv3 specifies that mmap() should fail if length is 0. However, in kernels before 2.6.12, mmap()
succeeded in this case: no mapping was created and the call returned addr. Since kernel 2.6.12,
mmap() fails with the error EINVAL for this case.
POSIX specifies that the system shall always zero fill any partial page at the end of the object and
that system will never write any modification of the object beyond its end. On Linux, when you
write data to such partial page after the end of the object, the data stays in the page cache even
after the file is closed and unmapped and even though the data is never written to the file itself,
subsequent mappings may see the modified content. In some cases, this could be fixed by calling
msync(2) before the unmap takes place; however, this doesn't work on tmpfs (for example, when using
POSIX shared memory interface documented in shm_overview(7)).
EXAMPLE
The following program prints part of the file specified in its first command-line argument to stan‐
dard output. The range of bytes to be printed is specified via offset and length values in the sec‐
ond and third command-line arguments. The program creates a memory mapping of the required pages of
the file and then uses write(2) to output the desired bytes.
Program source
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define handle_error(msg) \
do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char *addr;
int fd;
struct stat sb;
off_t offset, pa_offset;
size_t length;
ssize_t s;
if (argc < 3 || argc > 4) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s file offset [length]\n", argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
if (fd == -1)
handle_error("open");
if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1) /* To obtain file size */
handle_error("fstat");
offset = atoi(argv[2]);
pa_offset = offset & ~(sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE) - 1);
/* offset for mmap() must be page aligned */
if (offset >= sb.st_size) {
fprintf(stderr, "offset is past end of file\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (argc == 4) {
length = atoi(argv[3]);
if (offset + length > sb.st_size)
length = sb.st_size - offset;
/* Can't display bytes past end of file */
} else { /* No length arg ==> display to end of file */
length = sb.st_size - offset;
}
addr = mmap(NULL, length + offset - pa_offset, PROT_READ,
MAP_PRIVATE, fd, pa_offset);
if (addr == MAP_FAILED)
handle_error("mmap");
s = write(STDOUT_FILENO, addr + offset - pa_offset, length);
if (s != length) {
if (s == -1)
handle_error("write");
fprintf(stderr, "partial write");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
SEE ALSO
getpagesize(2), memfd_create(2), mincore(2), mlock(2), mmap2(2), mprotect(2), mremap(2), msync(2),
remap_file_pages(2), setrlimit(2), shmat(2), shm_open(3), shm_overview(7)
The descriptions of the following files in proc(5): /proc/[pid]/maps, /proc/[pid]/map_files, and
/proc/[pid]/smaps.
B.O. Gallmeister, POSIX.4, O'Reilly, pp. 128-129 and 389-391.
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.04 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project,
information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at
http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2015-12-28 MMAP(2)
拓展
[认真分析mmap：是什么 为什么 怎么用](https://www.cnblogs.com/huxiao-tee/p/4660352.html)
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