C++中public、protected、private三种访问说明符

C++中public、protected、private三种访问说明符

 

一 充当类成员的访问说明符，加强类的封装性

public成员：一切都可以访问；
protected成员：只可以被派生类、本身访问；
private成员：只可以被本身访问；
友元：友元是例外，破坏了类的封装性，可以访问类的所有成员；

 

举例：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Base
{
    friend class Friend; // 声明Friend为友元类
    public:
        Base(int a, int b, int c) : m_nPublic(a), m_nProtected(b), m_nPrivate(c) { }
        int m_nPublic;

    protected:
        int m_nProtected;
        
    private:
        int m_nPrivate;
};

class Friend
{
    public: 
        Friend(int a, int b, int c) : m_cBase(a, b , c) { }
        void print() 
        {
            //	友元能访问类的所有成员
            cout << "Base::m_nPublic = " << m_cBase.m_nPublic << endl;
            cout << "Base::m_nProtected = " << m_cBase.m_nProtected << endl;
            cout << "Base::m_nPrivate = " << m_cBase.m_nPrivate << endl;
        }
    
    private:
        Base m_cBase;
};

int main()
{
    Base b(1,2,3);
    cout << "Base::m_nPublic = " << b.m_nPublic << endl;
    // cout << "Base::m_nProtected = " << b.m_nProtected << endl;	//error,无访问权限
    // cout << "Base::m_nPrivate = " << b.m_nPrivate << endl;	//error,无访问权限

    Friend f(1, 2, 3);
    f.print();
}

输出结果：

Base::m_nPublic = 1
Base::m_nPublic = 1
Base::m_nProtected = 2
Base::m_nPrivate = 3

 
 

二 充当基类的访问说明符，实现OOP中的继承

public继承：基类成员的访问属性在派生类中保持不变，基类的public、protected 在派生类中依旧是 public、protected；
protected继承：基类的public、protected 在派生类中是 protected、protected；
private继承：基类的public、protected 在派生类中是 private、private；

 

举例：public继承

class Derived : public Base
{
    public:
        Derived(int a, int b, int c) : Base(a, b, c) { }

        void Print()
        {
            cout << "Base::m_nPublic = " << Base::m_nPublic << endl;
            cout << "Base::m_nProtected = " << Base::m_nProtected << endl;
            // cout << "Base::m_nPrivate = " << Base::m_nPrivate << endl;	//error,无访问权限   
        }
};

int main()
{
    Derived d(1, 2, 3);
    d.Print();

    cout << endl;
    cout << "Base::m_nPublic = " << d.m_nPublic << endl;
    // cout << "Base::m_nProtected = " << d.m_nProtected << endl;	//error,无访问权限
}

输出结果：

Base::m_nPublic = 1
Base::m_nProtected = 2

Base::m_nPublic = 1

 

举例：protected继承

class Derived : protected Base
{
    public:
        Derived(int a, int b, int c) : Base(a, b, c) { }

        void Print()
        {
            cout << "Base::m_nPublic = " << Base::m_nPublic << endl;
            cout << "Base::m_nProtected = " << Base::m_nProtected << endl;
            // cout << "Base::m_nPrivate = " << Base::m_nPrivate << endl;	//error,无访问权限   
        }
};

int main()
{
    Derived d(1, 2, 3);
    d.Print();

    cout << endl;
    // cout << "Base::m_nPublic = " << d.m_nPublic << endl;		//error,无访问权限
    // cout << "Base::m_nProtected = " << d.m_nProtected << endl;	//error,无访问权限
}

输出结果：

Base::m_nPublic = 1
Base::m_nProtected = 2

 

举例：private继承

class Derived : private Base
{
    public:
        Derived(int a, int b, int c) : Base(a, b, c) { }

        void Print()
        {
            cout << "Base::m_nPublic = " << Base::m_nPublic << endl;
            cout << "Base::m_nProtected = " << Base::m_nProtected << endl;
            // cout << "Base::m_nPrivate = " << Base::m_nPrivate << endl;	//error,无访问权限   
        }
};

int main()
{
    Derived d(1, 2, 3);
    d.Print();

    cout << endl;
    // cout << "Base::m_nPublic = " << d.m_nPublic << endl;		//error,无访问权限
    // cout << "Base::m_nProtected = " << d.m_nProtected << endl;	//error,无访问权限
}

输出结果：

Base::m_nPublic = 1
Base::m_nProtected = 2