一、实验目的和要求
熟悉运算符重载的定义和使用方法
二、实验内容
1.调试下列程序
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//sy7_1.cpp
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using namespace std;
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class complex
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{
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public:
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complex(){real=imag= 0.0;}
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complex( double r){real=r;imag= 0.0;}
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complex( double r, double i){real=r;imag=i;}
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complex operator + ( const complex &c);
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complex operator - ( const complex &c);
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complex operator * ( const complex &c);
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complex operator / ( const complex &c);
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friend void print(const complex &c);
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private:
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double real,imag;
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};
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inline complex complex:: operator + ( const complex &c)
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{
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return complex(real+c.real,imag+c.imag);
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}
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inline complex complex:: operator - ( const complex &c)
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{
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return complex(real-c.real,imag-c.imag);
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}
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inline complex complex:: operator * ( const complex &c)
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{
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return complex(real*c.real-imag*c.imag,real*c.imag+imag*c.real);
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}
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inline complex complex:: operator / ( const complex &c)
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{
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return complex((real*c.real+imag*c.imag)/(c.real*c.real+c.imag*c.imag),(imag*c.real-real*c.imag)/(c.real*c.real+c.imag*c.imag));
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}
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void print(const complex &c)
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{
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if(c.imag< 0)
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cout<<c.real<<c.imag<< "i";
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else
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cout<<c.real<< "+"<<c.imag<< "i";
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}
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int main()
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{
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complex c1(2.0),c2(3.0,-1.0),c3;
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c3=c1+c2;
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cout<< "\nc1+c2= ";
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print(c3);
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c3=c1-c2;
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cout<< "\nc1-c2= ";
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print(c3);
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c3=c1*c2;
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cout<< "\nc1*c2= ";
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print(c3);
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c3=c1/c2;
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cout<< "\nc1/c2= ";
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print(c3);
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c3=(c1+c2)*(c1-c2)*c2/c1;
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cout<< "\n(c1+c2)*(c1-c2)*c2/c1= ";
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print(c3);
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cout<< endl;
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return 0;
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}
运行结果:
2、调试下列程序
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//sy7_2.cpp
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using namespace std;
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class complex
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{
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public:
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complex(){real=imag= 0.0;}
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complex( double r){real=r;imag= 0.0;}
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complex( double r, double i){real=r;imag=i;}
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friend complex operator + ( const complex &c1, const complex &c2);
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friend complex operator - ( const complex &c1, const complex &c2);
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friend complex operator * ( const complex &c1, const complex &c2);
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friend complex operator / ( const complex &c1, const complex &c2);
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friend void print(const complex &c);
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private:
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double real,imag;
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};
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complex operator + ( const complex &c1, const complex &c2)
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{
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return complex(c1.real+c2.real,c1.imag+c2.imag);
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}
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complex operator - ( const complex &c1, const complex &c2)
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{
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return complex(c1.real-c2.real,c1.imag-c2.imag);
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}
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complex operator * ( const complex &c1, const complex &c2)
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{
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return complex(c1.real*c2.real-c1.imag*c2.imag,c1.real*c2.imag+c1.imag*c2.real);
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}
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complex operator / ( const complex &c1, const complex &c2)
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{
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return complex((c1.real*c2.real+c1.imag*c2.imag)/(c2.real*c2.real+c2.imag*c2.imag),(c1.imag*c2.real-c1.real*c2.imag)/(c2.real*c2.real+c2.imag*c2.imag));
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}
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void print(const complex &c)
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{
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if(c.imag< 0)
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cout<<c.real<<c.imag<< "i";
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else
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cout<<c.real<< "+"<<c.imag<< "i";
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}
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int main()
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{
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complex c1(2.0),c2(3.0,-1.0),c3;
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c3=c1+c2;
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cout<< "\nc1+c2= ";
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print(c3);
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c3=c1-c2;
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cout<< "\nc1-c2= ";
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print(c3);
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c3=c1*c2;
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cout<< "\nc1*c2= ";
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print(c3);
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c3=c1/c2;
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cout<< "\nc1/c2= ";
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print(c3);
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c3=(c1+c2)*(c1-c2)*c2/c1;
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cout<< "\n(c1+c2)*(c1-c2)*c2/c1= ";
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print(c3);
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cout<< endl;
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return 0;
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}
运行结果:
3.定义一个Time类用来保存时间(时,分,秒),通过重载操作符“+”实现两个时间的相加。(sy7_3.cpp)
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class Time
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{
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public:
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Time(){ hours= 0;minutes= 0;seconds= 0;} //无参构造函数
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Time( int h, int m, int s) //重载构造函数
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{
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hours=h; minutes=m; seconds=s;
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}
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Time operator +(Time&); //操作符重载为成员函数,返回结果为Time类
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void gettime();
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private:
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int hours,minutes,seconds;
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};
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Time Time:: operator +(Time& time)
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{
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int h,m,s;
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s=time.seconds+seconds;
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m=time.minutes+minutes+s/ 60;
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h=time.hours+hours+m/ 60;
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Time result(h,m%60,s%60);
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return result;
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}
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void Time::gettime()
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{
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printf( "%d:%d:%d\n",hours,minutes,seconds);
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}
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int main( )
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{
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Time t1(9,35,45),t2(12,15,32),t3;
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t3=t1+t2;
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t3.gettime();
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return 0;
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}
运行结果:
三、分析与讨论
结合上题中的程序总结运算符重载的形式。
答:运算符函数重载一般有两种形式:重载为类的成员函数和重载为类的非成员函数。非成员函数通常是友元。(可以把一个运算符作为一个非成员、非友元函数重载;但是,这样的运算符函数访问类的私有和保护成员时,必须使用类的公有接口中提供的设置数据和读取数据的函数,调用这些函数时会降低性能。可以内联这些函数以提高性能。)
当运算符重载为类的成员函数时,函数的参数个数比原来的操作数要少一个(后置单目运算符除外),这是因为成员函数用this指针隐式地访问了类的一个对象,它充当了运算符函数最左边的操作数。因此:双目运算符重载为类的成员函数时,函数只显式说明一个参数,该形参是运算符的右操作数。前置单目运算符重载为类的成员函数时,不需要显式说明参数,即函数没有形参。后置单目运算符重载为类的成员函数时,函数要带有一个整型形参。
当运算符重载为类的友元函数时,由于没有隐含的this指针,因此操作数的个数没有变化,所有的操作数都必须通过函数的形参进行传递,函数的参数与操作数自左至右一一对应。
四、实验小结
通过本次实验,我们学习了运算符重载的定义和使用方法,当运算符函数是一个成员函数时,最左边的操作数(或者只有最左边的操作数)必须是运算符类的一个类对象(或者是对该类对象的引用)。