1、hash数组初始化时机不同。HashMap是在第一次put()初始化hash数组。Hashtable是在构造函数初始化hash数组。
//Hashtable源码
/**
* Constructs a new, empty hashtable with the specified initial
* capacity and the specified load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hashtable.
* @param loadFactor the load factor of the hashtable.
* @exception IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive.
*/
public Hashtable(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Load: "+loadFactor);
if (initialCapacity==0)
initialCapacity = 1;
this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
table = new Entry<?,?>[initialCapacity];
threshold = (int)Math.min(initialCapacity * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1);
}
2、hash默认数组大小不同。HashTable中默认大小是11，增长方式是old*2+1。HashMap中默认大小是16，增长方式是2的整数倍。
//Hashtable源码
/**
* Constructs a new, empty hashtable with a default initial capacity (11)
* and load factor (0.75).
*/
public Hashtable() {
this(11, 0.75f); //hashtable初始化默认数组大小11
}
/**
* Increases the capacity of and internally reorganizes this
* hashtable, in order to accommodate and access its entries more
* efficiently. This method is called automatically when the
* number of keys in the hashtable exceeds this hashtable's capacity
* and load factor.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
protected void rehash() {
int oldCapacity = table.length;
Entry<?,?>[] oldMap = table;
// overflow-conscious code
int newCapacity = (oldCapacity << 1) + 1; //扩充大小方式为2*old+1
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0) {
if (oldCapacity == MAX_ARRAY_SIZE)
// Keep running with MAX_ARRAY_SIZE buckets
return;
newCapacity = MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
Entry<?,?>[] newMap = new Entry<?,?>[newCapacity];
modCount++;
threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1);
table = newMap;
for (int i = oldCapacity ; i-- > 0 ;) {
for (Entry<K,V> old = (Entry<K,V>)oldMap[i] ; old != null ; ) {
Entry<K,V> e = old;
old = old.next;
int index = (e.hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % newCapacity;
e.next = (Entry<K,V>)newMap[index];
newMap[index] = e;
}
}
} //HashMap源码
/**
* The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two.
*/
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // hashMap初始化默认数组大小为16
/**
* Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in
* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
* with a power of two offset in the new table.
*
* @return the table
*/
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
if (oldCap > 0) {
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
newThr = oldThr << 1; // 扩充方式为2*old
}
else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
newCap = oldThr;
else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
if (newThr == 0) {
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
threshold = newThr;
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
if (oldTab != null) {
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
oldTab[j] = null;
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // preserve order
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
else {
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
}此处注意 ，这里可能会有面试题，为什么hashmap的数组初始化大小为2的n次方？
答：当数组长度为2的N次方时，不同的key算出的index相同的几率小，数据在数组上分配均匀，hash碰撞的几率小，提升查询效率，从大O(N)提升至O(1)；
3、是否允许空值。Hashtable不允许null值(key和value都不可以),HashMap允许null值(key和value都可以)。
//Hashtable源码
/**
* Maps the specified <code>key</code> to the specified
* <code>value</code> in this hashtable. Neither the key nor the
* value can be <code>null</code>. <p>
*
* The value can be retrieved by calling the <code>get</code> method
* with a key that is equal to the original key.
*
* @param key the hashtable key
* @param value the value
* @return the previous value of the specified key in this hashtable,
* or <code>null</code> if it did not have one
* @exception NullPointerException if the key or value is
* <code>null</code>
* @see Object#equals(Object)
* @see #get(Object)
*/
public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
// Make sure the value is not null 即确保value不为空
if (value == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
// Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable. 即确保key不在hashtable中
Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
int hash = key.hashCode();
int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Entry<K,V> entry = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
for(; entry != null ; entry = entry.next) {
if ((entry.hash == hash) && entry.key.equals(key)) {
V old = entry.value;
entry.value = value;
return old;
}
}
addEntry(hash, key, value, index);
return null;
}从上述Hashtable源码可以看出如果传空键值的话，程序会报错。
在jdk1.8中，HashMap只提供了put用于添加元素，putVal方法只是给put方法调用的一个方法，并没有提供给用户使用。
//HashMap源码（JDK1.8）
/**
* Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
* If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
* value is replaced.
*
* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
* @param value value to be associated with the specified key
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
* <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
* (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
* previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
/**
* Implements Map.put and related methods
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @param value the value to put
* @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
* @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
* @return previous value, or null if none
*/
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
// table未初始化或者长度为0，进行扩容
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length;
// (n - 1) & hash 确定元素存放在哪个桶中，桶为空，新生成结点放入桶中(此时，这个结点是放在数组中)
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
// 桶中已经存在元素
else {
Node<K,V> e; K k;
// 比较桶中第一个元素(数组中的结点)的hash值相等，key相等
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
// 将第一个元素赋值给e，用e来记录
e = p;
// hash值不相等，即key不相等；为红黑树结点
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
// 为链表结点
else { // 在链表最末插入结点
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) { // 到达链表的尾部
if ((e = p.next) == null) { // 在尾部插入新结点
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
// 结点数量达到阈值，转化为红黑树
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break; // 跳出循环
}
// 判断链表中结点的key值与插入的元素的key值是否相等
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break; // 相等，跳出循环
// 用于遍历桶中的链表，与前面的e = p.next组合，可以遍历链表
p = e;
}
}
// 表示在桶中找到key值、hash值与插入元素相等的结点
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
// 记录e的value
V oldValue = e.value; // onlyIfAbsent为false或者旧值为null
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value; //用新值替换旧值
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue; // 返回旧值
}
}
++modCount; // 结构性修改
if (++size > threshold) // 实际大小大于阈值则扩容
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict); // 插入后回调
return null;
}我们再来对比一下 JDK1.7 put方法的代码
对于put方法的分析如下：
- ①如果定位到的数组位置没有元素 就直接插入。
- ②如果定位到的数组位置有元素，遍历以这个元素为头结点的链表，依次和插入的key比较，如果key相同就直接覆盖，不同就采用头插法插入元素
//HashMap源码（JDK1.7及其以前版本）
public V put(K key, V value)
if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
inflateTable(threshold);
}
if (key == null)
return putForNullKey(value);
int hash = hash(key);
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) { // 先遍历
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
e.recordAccess(this);
return oldValue;
}
}
modCount++;
addEntry(hash, key, value, i); // 再插入
return null;
}这里可以看出，hashMap是支持插入key和value为空的键值对的。
4、 是否有contains方法。
HashMap把Hashtable的contains方法去掉了，改成containsValue和containsKey，因为contains方法容易让人引起误解。
Hashtable则保留了contains，containsValue和containsKey三个方法，其中contains和containsValue功能相同。
//Hashtable源码
public boolean contains(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
Map.Entry<?,?> entry = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
Object key = entry.getKey();
Entry<?,?>[] tab = table;
int hash = key.hashCode();
int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
for (Entry<?,?> e = tab[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
if (e.hash==hash && e.equals(entry))
return true;
return false;
}5、是否是线程安全的。 Hashtable是线程安全的，HashMap不支持线程的同步，不是线程安全的。从参考4的代码中可以看出，Hashtable是加了synchronized关键字的，而HashMap放弃同步来提高性能。
6、继承的父类不同。Hashtable继承自Dictionary类，而HashMap继承自AbstractMap类。但二者都实现了Map接口。
//HashMap源码
public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable {
// .......(此处省略)
}//Hashtable源码
public class Hashtable<K,V>
extends Dictionary<K,V>
implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
//......(此处省略)
}7、两个遍历方式的内部实现上不同 。Hashtable、HashMap都使用了 Iterator。而由于历史原因，Hashtable还使用了Enumeration的方式 。
//Hashtable源码
private <T> Enumeration<T> getEnumeration(int type) {
if (count == 0) {
return Collections.emptyEnumeration();
} else {
return new Enumerator<>(type, false);
}
}
private <T> Iterator<T> getIterator(int type) {
if (count == 0) {
return Collections.emptyIterator();
} else {
return new Enumerator<>(type, true);
}
} //HashMap源码
final class KeyIterator extends HashIterator
implements Iterator<K> {
public final K next() { return nextNode().key; }
}
final class ValueIterator extends HashIterator
implements Iterator<V> {
public final V next() { return nextNode().value; }
}
final class EntryIterator extends HashIterator
implements Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
public final Map.Entry<K,V> next() { return nextNode(); }
}8、hash值不同。
哈希值的使用不同，HashTable直接使用对象的hashCode。而HashMap重新计算hash值。
HashCode是jdk根据对象的地址或者字符串或者数字算出来的int类型的数值。
Hashtable计算hash值，直接用key的hashCode()，而HashMap重新计算了key的hash值，Hashtable在求hash值对应的位置索引时，用取模运算。
而HashMap在求位置索引时，则用与运算，且这里一般先用hash&0x7FFFFFFF后，再对length取模，&0x7FFFFFFF的目的是为了将负的hash值转化为正值，因为hash值有可能为负数，而&0x7FFFFFFF后，只有符号外改变，而后面的位都不变。
参考链接：https://blog.csdn.net/fxkcsdn/article/details/81487933
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