python contextlib

在Python中，读写文件这样的资源要特别注意，必须在使用完毕后正确关闭它们。正确关闭文件资源的一个方法是使用try...finally：

try:
    f = open('/path/to/file', 'r')
    f.read()
finally:
    if f:
        f.close()

写try...finally非常繁琐。Python的with语句允许我们非常方便地使用资源，而不必担心资源没有关闭，所以上面的代码可以简化为：

with open('/path/to/file', 'r') as f:
    f.read()

并不是只有open()函数返回的fp对象才能使用with语句。实际上，任何对象，只要正确实现了上下文管理，就可以用于with语句。

实现上下文管理是通过__enter__和__exit__这两个方法实现的。例如，下面的class实现了这两个方法：

class Query(object):

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def __enter__(self):
        print('Begin')
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        if exc_type:
            print('Error')
        else:
            print('End')

    def query(self):
        print('Query info about %s...' % self.name)

这样我们就可以把自己写的资源对象用于with语句：

with Query('Bob') as q:
    q.query()

@contextmanager

编写__enter__和__exit__仍然很繁琐，因此Python的标准库contextlib提供了更简单的写法，上面的代码可以改写如下：

from contextlib import contextmanager

class Query(object):

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def query(self):
        print('Query info about %s...' % self.name)

@contextmanager
def create_query(name):
    print('Begin')
    q = Query(name)
    yield q
    print('End')

@contextmanager这个decorator接受一个generator，用yield语句把with ... as var把变量输出出去，然后，with语句就可以正常地工作了：

with create_query('Bob') as q:
    q.query()

很多时候，我们希望在某段代码执行前后自动执行特定代码，也可以用@contextmanager实现。例如：

@contextmanager
def tag(name):
    print("<%s>" % name)
    yield
    print("</%s>" % name)

with tag("h1"):
    print("hello")
    print("world")

上述代码执行结果为：

<h1>
hello
world
</h1>

代码的执行顺序是：

1. with语句首先执行yield之前的语句，因此打印出<h1>；
2. yield调用会执行with语句内部的所有语句，因此打印出hello和world；
3. 最后执行yield之后的语句，打印出</h1>。

因此，@contextmanager让我们通过编写generator来简化上下文管理。

@closing

如果一个对象没有实现上下文，我们就不能把它用于with语句。这个时候，可以用closing()来把该对象变为上下文对象。例如，用with语句使用urlopen()：

from contextlib import closing
from urllib.request import urlopen

with closing(urlopen('https://www.python.org')) as page:
    for line in page:
        print(line)

closing也是一个经过@contextmanager装饰的generator，这个generator编写起来其实非常简单：

@contextmanager
def closing(thing):
    try:
        yield thing
    finally:
        thing.close()

它的作用就是把任意对象变为上下文对象，并支持with语句。

@contextlib还有一些其他decorator，便于我们编写更简洁的代码

https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/001478651770626de401ff1c0d94f379774cabd842222ff000

 

contextlib模块代码

"""Utilities for with-statement contexts.  See PEP 343."""

import sys
from functools import wraps
from warnings import warn

__all__ = ["contextmanager", "nested", "closing"]

class GeneratorContextManager(object):
    """Helper for @contextmanager decorator."""

    def __init__(self, gen):
        self.gen = gen

    def __enter__(self):
        try:
            return self.gen.next()
        except StopIteration:
            raise RuntimeError("generator didn't yield")

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        if type is None:
            try:
                self.gen.next()
            except StopIteration:
                return
            else:
                raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop")
        else:
            if value is None:
                # Need to force instantiation so we can reliably
                # tell if we get the same exception back
                value = type()
            try:
                self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback)
                raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop after throw()")
            except StopIteration, exc:
                # Suppress the exception *unless* it's the same exception that
                # was passed to throw().  This prevents a StopIteration
                # raised inside the "with" statement from being suppressed
                return exc is not value
            except:
                # only re-raise if it's *not* the exception that was
                # passed to throw(), because __exit__() must not raise
                # an exception unless __exit__() itself failed.  But throw()
                # has to raise the exception to signal propagation, so this
                # fixes the impedance mismatch between the throw() protocol
                # and the __exit__() protocol.
                #
                if sys.exc_info()[1] is not value:
                    raise


def contextmanager(func):
    """@contextmanager decorator.

    Typical usage:

        @contextmanager
        def some_generator(<arguments>):
            <setup>
            try:
                yield <value>
            finally:
                <cleanup>

    This makes this:

        with some_generator(<arguments>) as <variable>:
            <body>

    equivalent to this:

        <setup>
        try:
            <variable> = <value>
            <body>
        finally:
            <cleanup>

    """
    @wraps(func)
    def helper(*args, **kwds):
        return GeneratorContextManager(func(*args, **kwds))
    return helper


@contextmanager
def nested(*managers):
    """Combine multiple context managers into a single nested context manager.

   This function has been deprecated in favour of the multiple manager form
   of the with statement.

   The one advantage of this function over the multiple manager form of the
   with statement is that argument unpacking allows it to be
   used with a variable number of context managers as follows:

      with nested(*managers):
          do_something()

    """
    warn("With-statements now directly support multiple context managers",
         DeprecationWarning, 3)
    exits = []
    vars = []
    exc = (None, None, None)
    try:
        for mgr in managers:
            exit = mgr.__exit__
            enter = mgr.__enter__
            vars.append(enter())
            exits.append(exit)
        yield vars
    except:
        exc = sys.exc_info()
    finally:
        while exits:
            exit = exits.pop()
            try:
                if exit(*exc):
                    exc = (None, None, None)
            except:
                exc = sys.exc_info()
        if exc != (None, None, None):
            # Don't rely on sys.exc_info() still containing
            # the right information. Another exception may
            # have been raised and caught by an exit method
            raise exc[0], exc[1], exc[2]


class closing(object):
    """Context to automatically close something at the end of a block.

    Code like this:

        with closing(<module>.open(<arguments>)) as f:
            <block>

    is equivalent to this:

        f = <module>.open(<arguments>)
        try:
            <block>
        finally:
            f.close()

    """
    def __init__(self, thing):
        self.thing = thing
    def __enter__(self):
        return self.thing
    def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
        self.thing.close()

 

#coding:utf-8
from functools import wraps
from contextlib import contextmanager

class mywcontext(object):
    def __init__(self, gen):
        self.gen = gen
    def __enter__(self):
        print self.gen.__name__,"begin"
        self.gen.next()
    def __exit__(self, type, err, traceback):
        print type
        print err
        print traceback
        self.gen.next()
        print "end"

def mycontext(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args,**kargs):
        return mywcontext(func(*args,**kargs))
    return wrapper

@mycontext
def tag(name):
    while True:
        print("<%s>" % name)
        yield "rest"
        print("</%s>" % name)

with tag("h1") as t:
    print("hello")
    print("world")