【Python】标准异常及常用异常实例

      在Python开发过程中，经常会遇到各种各样的报错情况，所以了解Python中的各种报错就很有必要。小白最近整理了一下Python中经常遇到的报错情况，并列举了案例，如下表格，还有一些报错情况，待尝试~

AssertionError	断言语句失败：当 assert 关键字后的条件为假时，程序运行会停止并抛出 AssertionError 异常	l1 = ['111a'] assert len(l1)>0 l2 = [] assert len(l2)>0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- AssertionError                            Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-4-5d421c3e78d3> in <module>       1 l2 = [] ----> 2 assert len(l2)>0
IndexError	序列中没有此索引(index):索引超出序列范围会引发此异常	l1 = ['111a'] l1[1] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- IndexError                                Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-5-130763729f9e> in <module>       1 l1 = ['111a'] ----> 2 l1[1] IndexError: list index out of range
KeyError	映射中没有这个键:字典中查找一个不存在的关键字时引发此异常	dict={'张三':"50"} dict["李四"] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-9-77ca0e0db50c> in <module>       1 dict={'张三':"50"} ----> 2 dict["李四"] KeyError: '李四'
AttributeError	对象没有这个属性:当试图访问的对象属性不存在时抛出的异常	l1 = ['111a'] l1.len --------------------------------------------------------------------------- AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-10-f1db6a9cf562> in <module>       1 l1 = ['111a'] ----> 2 l1.len AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'len'
NameError	未声明/初始化对象 (没有属性):尝试访问一个未声明的变量时，引发此异常	l1 = ['111a'] l2 = [] l3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-13-75536776ce4c> in <module>       1 l1 = ['111a']       2 l2 = [] ----> 3 l3 NameError: name 'l3' is not defined
TypeError	对类型无效的操作:不同类型数据之间的无效操作	1+'aaa --------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-14-9e5eb69813e3> in <module> ----> 1 1+'aaa' TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
ZeroDivisionError	除(或取模)零 (所有数据类型)：除法运算中除数为 0 引发此异常	a = 1/0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ZeroDivisionError                         Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-15-6c16767f6731> in <module> ----> 1 a = 1/0 ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
StopIteration	迭代器没有更多的值	iterable = iter([1,2]) print(next(iterable)) print(next(iterable)) print(next(iterable)) 1 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- StopIteration                             Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-16-0f9614553e6f> in <module>       2 print(next(iterable))       3 print(next(iterable)) ----> 4 print(next(iterable)) StopIteration:
ImportError	导入模块/对象失败	import sy --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ModuleNotFoundError                       Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-29-1afd4de6e860> in <module> ----> 1 import sy ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'sy'
SyntaxError	Python 语法错误	for i in range(0,10)):  File "<ipython-input-30-3edb23e8bd2e>", line 1     for i in range(0,10)):                         ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax
ValueError	传入无效的参数	#range方法的第三个参数不可为0 for i in range(1, 3, 0):     print (i) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-35-3663a22f4899> in <module> ----> 1 for i in range(1, 3, 0):       2     print (i) ValueError: range() arg 3 must not be zero
BaseException	所有异常的基类
SystemExit	解释器请求退出
KeyboardInterrupt	用户中断执行(通常是输入^C)
Exception	常规错误的基类
GeneratorExit	生成器(generator)发生异常来通知退出
StandardError	所有的内建标准异常的基类
ArithmeticError	所有数值计算错误的基类
FloatingPointError	浮点计算错误
OverflowError	数值运算超出最大限制
EOFError	没有内建输入,到达EOF 标记
EnvironmentError	操作系统错误的基类
IOError	输入/输出操作失败
OSError	操作系统错误
WindowsError	系统调用失败
LookupError	无效数据查询的基类
MemoryError	内存溢出错误(对于Python 解释器不是致命的)
UnboundLocalError	访问未初始化的本地变量
ReferenceError	弱引用(Weak reference)试图访问已经垃圾回收了的对象
RuntimeError	一般的运行时错误
NotImplementedError	尚未实现的方法
IndentationError	缩进错误
TabError	Tab 和空格混用
SystemError	一般的解释器系统错误
UnicodeError	Unicode 相关的错误
UnicodeDecodeError	Unicode 解码时的错误
UnicodeEncodeError	Unicode 编码时错误
UnicodeTranslateError	Unicode 转换时错误
Warning	警告的基类
DeprecationWarning	关于被弃用的特征的警告
FutureWarning	关于构造将来语义会有改变的警告
OverflowWarning	旧的关于自动提升为长整型(long)的警告
PendingDeprecationWarning	关于特性将会被废弃的警告
RuntimeWarning	可疑的运行时行为(runtime behavior)的警告
SyntaxWarning	可疑的语法的警告
UserWarning	用户代码生成的警告

为了更加系统的了解报错的层级情况，下面列出Python中错误的层级结构，以下是 Python 内置异常类的层次结构：

BaseException
+-- SystemExit
+-- KeyboardInterrupt
+-- GeneratorExit
+-- Exception
      +-- StopIteration
      +-- ArithmeticError
      |    +-- FloatingPointError
      |    +-- OverflowError
      |    +-- ZeroDivisionError
      +-- AssertionError
      +-- AttributeError
      +-- BufferError
      +-- EOFError
      +-- ImportError
      +-- LookupError
      |    +-- IndexError
      |    +-- KeyError
      +-- MemoryError
      +-- NameError
      |    +-- UnboundLocalError
      +-- OSError
      |    +-- BlockingIOError
      |    +-- ChildProcessError
      |    +-- ConnectionError
      |    |    +-- BrokenPipeError
      |    |    +-- ConnectionAbortedError
      |    |    +-- ConnectionRefusedError
      |    |    +-- ConnectionResetError
      |    +-- FileExistsError
      |    +-- FileNotFoundError
      |    +-- InterruptedError
      |    +-- IsADirectoryError
      |    +-- NotADirectoryError
      |    +-- PermissionError
      |    +-- ProcessLookupError
      |    +-- TimeoutError
      +-- ReferenceError
      +-- RuntimeError
      |    +-- NotImplementedError
      +-- SyntaxError
      |    +-- IndentationError
      |         +-- TabError
      +-- SystemError
      +-- TypeError
      +-- ValueError
      |    +-- UnicodeError
      |         +-- UnicodeDecodeError
      |         +-- UnicodeEncodeError
      |         +-- UnicodeTranslateError
      +-- Warning
           +-- DeprecationWarning
           +-- PendingDeprecationWarning
           +-- RuntimeWarning
           +-- SyntaxWarning
           +-- UserWarning
           +-- FutureWarning
           +-- ImportWarning
           +-- UnicodeWarning
           +-- BytesWarning
           +-- ResourceWarning