Docker入门(基于CentOS7)
官方安装说明文档:https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/centos/
一、使用存储库安装
1.1设置存储库
安装yum-utils
软件包(提供yum-config-manager
实用程序)并设置稳定的存储库。
yum install -y yum-utils
yum-config-manager --add-repo https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
1.2 安装DOCKER引擎
Step1.安装最新版本的Docker Engine和容器,或转到下一步以安装特定版本:
yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
Step2.启动Docker
systemctl start docker
使用ifconfig命令,会查看到多出来一张虚拟网卡,如下图所示
二、启用Web服务
2.1 查找httpd镜像
docker search httpd
2.2 下载httpd镜像
docker pull httpd
在容器中,启动服务基本上是基于镜像的。
2.3查看当前本地镜像
docker images
2.4启动web服务
docker run -it -d -p 80:80 --name web80 httpd
模板:docker run -it -d -p port:port --name [自定义名字] [基于何种服务]
参数解释:-it:交互式的 -d:到后台 -p:暴露到端口
冒号前面的80是用户访问的,后面的80是镜像服务启动的默认端口
–name起名,若没有起名,系统会自动起一个名字。
这种情况说明80端口被占用,冒号前面的80应该修改为其他端口,比如82.
这种情况说明web80名字刚刚被上面的操作占用了,我们把web80修改为web81.
这种情况表明httpd服务已经启动,暴露端口号为82,名称为web81.
**使用浏览器访问docker容器所在的计算机对应的ip地址,并输入端口号82,如能成功显示下图所示的页面,说明httpd服务成功运行。
我们再来再来启动一个httpd服务试试看吧!
设定暴露端口号为83,名称为83.
docker run -it -d -p 83:80 --name web83 httpd
如您能看到下图所示的测试页面,则说明httpd服务启动正常。
三、常用的docker命令
3.1查看启动了哪些容器
docker ps -a
3.2查看一个具体的容器
docker exec -it web81 /bin/bash
模板:docker exec -it name /bin/bash
进去之后可以执行一些简单的命令,但不能执行shell命令,比如vim(vi)命令。
查看效果
3.3删除容器
Step1.在删除容器之前,先停止容器:
docker stop web80
Step2.查看web80的状态:
docker ps -a
Step3.删除web80:
docker rm web80
3.4 开启容器与关闭容器
3.4.1开启容器(以web81为例):
docker start web81
3.4.2关闭容器(以web81为例):
docker stop web81
四、页面版的docker镜像仓库
网页链接:http://hub.docker.com/
直接搜索需要查找的镜像名称即可,不需要注册账号。
可以看到,上图红框所示的是我们刚刚通过docker search httpd命令查找到的官方httpd镜像。
点进来之后,网页会提示通过什么命令来下载httpd镜像。
如何下载一个2.4.46版本的httpd镜像呢?
docker pull httpd:2.4.46
查看现有的docker镜像:
docker images
这些镜像存放在了容器里面
五、数据的持久化
数据持久化的目的:为了把数据放在容器外面,而不是存储在容器内部。因为一旦容器被删除,数据也会跟着消失。
共享可以通过NFS服务实现。
-v参数可以把容器里面的目录和容器外面的目录进行映射。
/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/ 是容器里面的目录
Step1.在根目录下创建目录
mkdir /web82
Step2.创建一个html文件
vi /web82/index.html
wq保存退出
Step3.映射文件到web服务器
docker run -it -d -p 82:80 --name web82 -v /web82:/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/ httpd
模板:docker run -it -d -p 82:80 --name [自定义名称] -v /[本地目录]:[容器目录] [使用何种服务]
查看效果,如下图
如果index.html的内容发生更改,只要直接刷新浏览器就可以看到最新的index页面。
vi /web82/index.html
查看Dockfile的语法:
***链接:***https://github.com/docker-library/httpd/blob/077141ee37fca63972292c562ec0f632d0f831b1/2.4/Dockerfile
参数解释:FROM debian:buster-slim 基于debian镜像
ENV:设置环境变量
RUN:运行命令
WORKDIR:工作目录
STOPSIGNAL:停止信号
EXPOSE:暴露的端口
CMD:容器启动的时候执行的命令
FROM debian:buster-slim
# add our user and group first to make sure their IDs get assigned consistently, regardless of whatever dependencies get added
#RUN groupadd -r www-data && useradd -r --create-home -g www-data www-data
ENV HTTPD_PREFIX /usr/local/apache2
ENV PATH $HTTPD_PREFIX/bin:$PATH
RUN mkdir -p "$HTTPD_PREFIX" \
&& chown www-data:www-data "$HTTPD_PREFIX"
WORKDIR $HTTPD_PREFIX
# install httpd runtime dependencies
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/install.html#requirements
RUN set -eux; \
apt-get update; \
apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
libaprutil1-ldap \
; \
rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
ENV HTTPD_VERSION 2.4.46
ENV HTTPD_SHA256 740eddf6e1c641992b22359cabc66e6325868c3c5e2e3f98faf349b61ecf41ea
# https://httpd.apache.org/security/vulnerabilities_24.html
ENV HTTPD_PATCHES=""
# see https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/install.html#requirements
RUN set -eux; \
\
# mod_http2 mod_lua mod_proxy_html mod_xml2enc
# https://anonscm.debian.org/cgit/pkg-apache/apache2.git/tree/debian/control?id=adb6f181257af28ee67af15fc49d2699a0080d4c
savedAptMark="$(apt-mark showmanual)"; \
apt-get update; \
apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
bzip2 \
ca-certificates \
dirmngr \
dpkg-dev \
gcc \
gnupg \
libapr1-dev \
libaprutil1-dev \
libbrotli-dev \
libcurl4-openssl-dev \
libjansson-dev \
liblua5.2-dev \
libnghttp2-dev \
libpcre3-dev \
libssl-dev \
libxml2-dev \
make \
wget \
zlib1g-dev \
; \
rm -r /var/lib/apt/lists/*; \
\
ddist() { \
local f="$1"; shift; \
local distFile="$1"; shift; \
local success=; \
local distUrl=; \
for distUrl in \
# https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/INFRA-8753?focusedCommentId=14735394#comment-14735394
'https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.cgi?action=download&filename=' \
# if the version is outdated (or we're grabbing the .asc file), we might have to pull from the dist/archive :/
https://www-us.apache.org/dist/ \
https://www.apache.org/dist/ \
https://archive.apache.org/dist/ \
; do \
if wget -O "$f" "$distUrl$distFile" && [ -s "$f" ]; then \
success=1; \
break; \
fi; \
done; \
[ -n "$success" ]; \
}; \
\
ddist 'httpd.tar.bz2' "httpd/httpd-$HTTPD_VERSION.tar.bz2"; \
echo "$HTTPD_SHA256 *httpd.tar.bz2" | sha256sum -c -; \
\
# see https://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi#verify
ddist 'httpd.tar.bz2.asc' "httpd/httpd-$HTTPD_VERSION.tar.bz2.asc"; \
export GNUPGHOME="$(mktemp -d)"; \
# $ docker run --rm buildpack-deps:buster-curl bash -c 'wget -qO- https://downloads.apache.org/httpd/KEYS | gpg --batch --import &> /dev/null && gpg --batch --list-keys --with-fingerprint --with-colons' | awk -F: '$1 == "pub" && $2 == "-" { pub = 1 } pub && $1 == "fpr" { fpr = $10 } $1 == "sub" { pub = 0 } pub && fpr && $1 == "uid" && $2 == "-" { print "#", $10; print "\t\t" fpr " \\"; pub = 0 }'
for key in \
# Rodent of Unusual Size (DSA) <coar@ACM.Org>
DE29FB3971E71543FD2DC049508EAEC5302DA568 \
# Rodent of Unusual Size <coar@ACM.Org>
13155B0E9E634F42BF6C163FDDBA64BA2C312D2F \
# Jim Jagielski <jim@apache.org>
8B39757B1D8A994DF2433ED58B3A601F08C975E5 \
# Dean Gaudet <dgaudet@apache.org>
31EE1A81B8D066548156D37B7D6DBFD1F08E012A \
# Cliff Woolley <jwoolley@apache.org>
A10208FEC3152DD7C0C9B59B361522D782AB7BD1 \
# Cliff Woolley <jwoolley@virginia.edu>
3DE024AFDA7A4B15CB6C14410F81AA8AB0D5F771 \
# Graham Leggett <minfrin@apache.org>
EB138C6AF0FC691001B16D93344A844D751D7F27 \
# Roy T. Fielding <fielding@gbiv.com>
CBA5A7C21EC143314C41393E5B968010E04F9A89 \
# Justin R. Erenkrantz <jerenkrantz@apache.org>
3C016F2B764621BB549C66B516A96495E2226795 \
# Aaron Bannert <abannert@kuci.org>
937FB3994A242BA9BF49E93021454AF0CC8B0F7E \
# Brad Nicholes <bnicholes@novell.com>
EAD1359A4C0F2D37472AAF28F55DF0293A4E7AC9 \
# Sander Striker <striker@apache.org>
4C1EADADB4EF5007579C919C6635B6C0DE885DD3 \
# Greg Stein <gstein@lyra.org>
01E475360FCCF1D0F24B9D145D414AE1E005C9CB \
# Andre Malo <nd@apache.org>
92CCEF0AA7DD46AC3A0F498BCA6939748103A37E \
# Erik Abele <erik@codefaktor.de>
D395C7573A68B9796D38C258153FA0CD75A67692 \
# Astrid Kessler (Kess) <kess@kess-net.de>
FA39B617B61493FD283503E7EED1EA392261D073 \
# Joe Schaefer <joe@sunstarsys.com>
984FB3350C1D5C7A3282255BB31B213D208F5064 \
# Stas Bekman <stas@stason.org>
FE7A49DAA875E890B4167F76CCB2EB46E76CF6D0 \
# Paul Querna <chip@force-elite.com>
39F6691A0ECF0C50E8BB849CF78875F642721F00 \
# Colm MacCarthaigh <colm.maccarthaigh@heanet.ie>
29A2BA848177B73878277FA475CAA2A3F39B3750 \
# Ruediger Pluem <rpluem@apache.org>
120A8667241AEDD4A78B46104C042818311A3DE5 \
# Nick Kew <nick@webthing.com>
453510BDA6C5855624E009236D0BC73A40581837 \
# Philip M. Gollucci <pgollucci@p6m7g8.com>
0DE5C55C6BF3B2352DABB89E13249B4FEC88A0BF \
# Bojan Smojver <bojan@rexursive.com>
7CDBED100806552182F98844E8E7E00B4DAA1988 \
# Issac Goldstand <margol@beamartyr.net>
A8BA9617EF3BCCAC3B29B869EDB105896F9522D8 \
# "Guenter Knauf" ("CODE SIGNING KEY") <fuankg@apache.org>
3E6AC004854F3A7F03566B592FF06894E55B0D0E \
# Jeff Trawick (CODE SIGNING KEY) <trawick@apache.org>
5B5181C2C0AB13E59DA3F7A3EC582EB639FF092C \
# Jim Jagielski (Release Signing Key) <jim@apache.org>
A93D62ECC3C8EA12DB220EC934EA76E6791485A8 \
# Eric Covener <covener@apache.org>
65B2D44FE74BD5E3DE3AC3F082781DE46D5954FA \
# Yann Ylavic <ylavic@apache.org>
8935926745E1CE7E3ED748F6EC99EE267EB5F61A \
# Daniel Ruggeri (http\x3a//home.apache.org/~druggeri/) <druggeri@apache.org>
B9E8213AEFB861AF35A41F2C995E35221AD84DFF \
# Daniel Ruggeri (http\x3a//home.apache.org/~druggeri/) <druggeri@apache.org>
E3480043595621FE56105F112AB12A7ADC55C003 \
# Joe Orton (Release Signing Key) <jorton@apache.org>
93525CFCF6FDFFB3FD9700DD5A4B10AE43B56A27 \
; do \
gpg --batch --keyserver ha.pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv-keys "$key"; \
done; \
gpg --batch --verify httpd.tar.bz2.asc httpd.tar.bz2; \
command -v gpgconf && gpgconf --kill all || :; \
rm -rf "$GNUPGHOME" httpd.tar.bz2.asc; \
\
mkdir -p src; \
tar -xf httpd.tar.bz2 -C src --strip-components=1; \
rm httpd.tar.bz2; \
cd src; \
\
patches() { \
while [ "$#" -gt 0 ]; do \
local patchFile="$1"; shift; \
local patchSha256="$1"; shift; \
ddist "$patchFile" "httpd/patches/apply_to_$HTTPD_VERSION/$patchFile"; \
echo "$patchSha256 *$patchFile" | sha256sum -c -; \
patch -p0 < "$patchFile"; \
rm -f "$patchFile"; \
done; \
}; \
patches $HTTPD_PATCHES; \
\
gnuArch="$(dpkg-architecture --query DEB_BUILD_GNU_TYPE)"; \
CFLAGS="$(dpkg-buildflags --get CFLAGS)"; \
CPPFLAGS="$(dpkg-buildflags --get CPPFLAGS)"; \
LDFLAGS="$(dpkg-buildflags --get LDFLAGS)"; \
./configure \
--build="$gnuArch" \
--prefix="$HTTPD_PREFIX" \
--enable-mods-shared=reallyall \
--enable-mpms-shared=all \
# enable the same hardening flags as Debian
# - https://salsa.debian.org/apache-team/apache2/blob/87db7de4e59683fb03e97900f078d06ef2292748/debian/rules#L19-21
# - https://salsa.debian.org/apache-team/apache2/blob/87db7de4e59683fb03e97900f078d06ef2292748/debian/rules#L115
--enable-pie \
CFLAGS="-pipe $CFLAGS" \
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS" \
LDFLAGS="-Wl,--as-needed $LDFLAGS" \
; \
make -j "$(nproc)"; \
make install; \
\
cd ..; \
rm -r src man manual; \
\
sed -ri \
-e 's!^(\s*CustomLog)\s+\S+!\1 /proc/self/fd/1!g' \
-e 's!^(\s*ErrorLog)\s+\S+!\1 /proc/self/fd/2!g' \
-e 's!^(\s*TransferLog)\s+\S+!\1 /proc/self/fd/1!g' \
"$HTTPD_PREFIX/conf/httpd.conf" \
"$HTTPD_PREFIX/conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf" \
; \
\
# reset apt-mark's "manual" list so that "purge --auto-remove" will remove all build dependencies
apt-mark auto '.*' > /dev/null; \
[ -z "$savedAptMark" ] || apt-mark manual $savedAptMark; \
find /usr/local -type f -executable -exec ldd '{}' ';' \
| awk '/=>/ { print $(NF-1) }' \
| sort -u \
| xargs -r dpkg-query --search \
| cut -d: -f1 \
| sort -u \
| xargs -r apt-mark manual \
; \
apt-get purge -y --auto-remove -o APT::AutoRemove::RecommendsImportant=false; \
\
# smoke test
httpd -v
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/stopping.html#gracefulstop
STOPSIGNAL SIGWINCH
COPY httpd-foreground /usr/local/bin/
EXPOSE 80
CMD ["httpd-foreground"]
六、集群技术
swam(docker官方提供,比较简单)
k8s(kubernetes):谷歌开源出来的,功能比较强大
yaml语言
七、扩展内容
7.1查看IP表
iptables -L -n
这就是为什么启动完成容器后,什么都没做就可以访问那个容器。
7.2查看NAT转换
iptables -t nat -L -n